EPD-IES-0028621:002

Tram turnout

Tram turnout with welded VOSSLOH T5 type switch and "sandwich" type crossing. The examined switch consists of three main parts: welded VOSSLOH T5 type switch, connecting rails, and crossing with guiding devices. The welded switch includes 2 pieces of Dillidur 400 V tongue rail, 2 pieces of 60R2 (Ri60N) check rail, 2 pieces of guard rail, 2 pieces of slide plate, and 2 pieces of 60R2 (Ri60N) connecting rails. The connecting rails include 4 pieces of 60R2 (Ri60N) rails. The crossing comprises an upper plate made of 400 HB material with 80 mm thickness, a lower plate made of S355 with 100 mm thickness, and a base plate made of S355 with 15 mm thickness. The wing rails consist of 4 pieces of 73C1 (VKRi60) rails/profiles and 4 pieces of 60R2 (Ri60N) rails.

EPD Owner	VOSSLOH SWITCH SYSTEMS POLAND SP Z O O
Registration number	EPD-IES-0028621:002
EPD type	EPD of a single product from a manufacturer/service provider
Status	Valid
Version date	2026-02-16
Validity date	2031-02-16
Standards conformance	ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021
Geographical scope	Europe
An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD.

Programme	International EPD System
Address	EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden
Website	www.environdec.com
E-mail	support@environdec.com

CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR)
Product Category Rules (PCR)	2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1
PCR review was conducted by	The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support.

LCA accountability	Anna Banach, anna.banach@bureauveritas.com, Bureau Veritas Polska
Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via	EPD verification through an individual EPD verification EPD verification through EPD Process Certification* EPD verification through a pre-verified LCA/EPD tool
Third-party verifier	Agnieszka Pikus (Agnieszka Pikus Greenwise)
Approved by	International EPD System
Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier	Yes No
*EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com.

Limitations

EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.

Ownership

The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.

EPD Owner	VOSSLOH SWITCH SYSTEMS POLAND SP Z O O
Contact person name	Pawel Durczak
Contact person e-mail	pawel.durczak@vossloh.com
Organisation address	Poland Bydgoszcz 85 502 Ludwikowo 2

Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner

Vossloh Switch Systems Sp. z o.o is a Polish company belonging to the VOSSLOH AG group, engaged in the production of track superstructure equipment, in particular turnouts and track crossings for railway and tramway infrastructure. Its products have been operated for years in various track construction systems in Poland and many other countries, enjoying strong recognition from customers. Belonging to the VOSSLOH AG group, which has been a leader in the track industry since 2000, has created new opportunities for the company’s development, enabling, among other things: The expansion of the product portfolio based on shared experience. The production of a new generation of turnouts. The use of modern technologies and research facilities. Participation in the implementation of projects, including those outside the country. The company’s strategic objectives emphasize modernity. It continuously develops and improves its skills in the field of production organization and is well prepared to respond quickly to changing market needs. Alongside conventional machines, the company has a modern machine park, a qualified workforce, specialized technological equipment, and its own research facilities. The company has a modern machine park that enables the machining of advanced structural materials with the highest precision.

Organisation logo

Product name	Tram turnout
Product identification	Railway/tramway track construction material (steel switch assembly).
Product description	Tram turnout with welded VOSSLOH T5 type switch and "sandwich" type crossing. The examined switch consists of three main parts: welded VOSSLOH T5 type switch, connecting rails, and crossing with guiding devices. The welded switch includes 2 pieces of Dillidur 400 V tongue rail, 2 pieces of 60R2 (Ri60N) check rail, 2 pieces of guard rail, 2 pieces of slide plate, and 2 pieces of 60R2 (Ri60N) connecting rails. The connecting rails include 4 pieces of 60R2 (Ri60N) rails. The crossing comprises an upper plate made of 400 HB material with 80 mm thickness, a lower plate made of S355 with 100 mm thickness, and a base plate made of S355 with 15 mm thickness. The wing rails consist of 4 pieces of 73C1 (VKRi60) rails/profiles and 4 pieces of 60R2 (Ri60N) rails.
Technical purpose of product	The tram turnout serves as a critical railway infrastructure component that enables trams to switch between different track routes within urban transit systems.
Manufacturing or service provision description	The tram turnout production process follows this sequence of essential stages: double cutting of the source material at the start, straightening of elements for required flatness, precise CNC machining to achieve exact dimensions, bending of components to proper shapes, positioning of all parts in their final assembly locations, welding of joints for structural integrity, forming of final contours, switch assembly as the core switching element, final assembly of the complete unit, and warehousing of the finished product prior to shipment.
Material properties	Volumetric mass density: 1000 kg/m³ Volumetric mass density: 1000 kg/m³
Manufacturing site	VOSSLOH SWITCH SYSTEMS POLAND SP Z O.O. Poland Bydgoszcz 85-502 Ludwikowo 2
UN CPC code	412. Products of iron or steel
Geographical scope	Europe

Product images

Content declaration

Hazardous and toxic substances	The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight.

Product content

Content name	Mass, kg	Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product	Biogenic material, mass-% of product	Biogenic material¹, kg C/declared unit
Steel parts	857.26	0	0	0
Plastic parts	10.33	0	0	0
Heating steel box	11.26	0	0	0
Protection steel box	3.99	0	0	0
Drive housing	7.42	0	0	0
Drive	16.35	0	0	0
Wooden parts	86.9	0	8.69	0.988
Rubber parts	0.01	0	0	0
Copper parts	0.1	0	0	0
Adhesive	1.47	0	0	0
Welding wire	3.91	0	0	0
Round electrode	1	0	0	0
Total	1000	0	8.69	0.988
Note 1	1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO₂

Packaging materials

Material name	Mass, kg	Mass-% (versus the product)	Biogenic material¹, kg C/declared unit
Wooden pallet	0.013	0.0013	0.472
Total	0.013	0.0013	0.472
Note 1	1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO₂

EPD based on declared or functional unit	Declared unit
Declared unit and reference flow	Tram turnout Mass: 1000 kg
Conversion factor to mass	1
Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes?	Yes No
Datasources used for this EPD	ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.11 database
LCA Software	OpenLCA OpenLCA 2.5.0
Version of the EN 15804 reference package	EF Reference Package 3.1
Characterisation methods	EN 15804+A2:2019/AC:2021, applying the Environmental Footprint (EF) 3.1 methodology.
Technology description including background system	The tram switch is manufactured at the Vossloh Switch Systems Poland Sp. z o.o. plant in Ludwikowo near Bydgoszcz. The technological process involves a sequence of operations: cutting the source material, straightening the elements, precision CNC machining, bending the components, positioning the parts at the assembly site, welding the joints, forming the final contours, and final assembly. The main raw material is steel, including specialized 60R2 (Ri60N) and 73C1 (VKRi60) railway profiles and Dillidur 400V and S355 steel sheets. The back-end system covers upstream processes: extraction and processing of steel raw materials, rail and road transport of materials, fuel and energy production. Internal transport is carried out using fossil fuels, and steel waste generated during production is sent for recycling (mass allocation in accordance with EN 15804+A2).
Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level	Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs

Data quality assessment

Description of data quality assessment and reference years	The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for this Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected directly from the manufacturer’s production processes and site-specific operations for the reference year 2024. The quality and representativeness of all data used for the EPD have been evaluated in terms of time, geography, and technology according to the principles outlined in EN 15804:2012+A2:2019, Annex E, and the data quality requirements specified in EN 15941:2010 for life cycle data. All relevant datasets were reviewed for completeness, consistency, and reliability, and the assessment confirmed that no data were classified as “poor” or “very poor” in quality.

Description of data quality assessment and reference years

The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for this Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected directly from the manufacturer’s production processes and site-specific operations for the reference year 2024. The quality and representativeness of all data used for the EPD have been evaluated in terms of time, geography, and technology according to the principles outlined in EN 15804:2012+A2:2019, Annex E, and the data quality requirements specified in EN 15941:2010 for life cycle data. All relevant datasets were reviewed for completeness, consistency, and reliability, and the assessment confirmed that no data were classified as “poor” or “very poor” in quality.

Data quality assessment

Process name	Source type	Source	Reference year	Data category	Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3
steel production, converter, low-alloyed \| steel, low-alloyed \| Cutoff, U - RER	Database	Ecoinvent 3.11	2024	Secondary data	0%
Steel part: metal working, average for steel product manufacturing \| metal working, average for steel product manufacturing \| Cutoff, U - RER steel production, converter, unalloyed \| steel, unalloyed \| Cutoff, U - RER	Database	Ecoinvent 3.11	2024	Secondary data	0%
Sheet rolling: sheet rolling, steel \| sheet rolling, steel \| Cutoff, U - RER steel production, converter, unalloyed \| steel, unalloyed \| Cutoff, U - RER	Database	Ecoinvent 3.11	2024	Secondary data	0%
Electric motor production, vehicle \| electric motor, vehicle \| Cutoff, U - RER	Database	Ecoinvent 3.11	2024	Primary data	2.57%
Transport, freight, train, diesel \| transport, freight, train, fleet average \| Cutoff, U - Europe without Switzerland	Database	Ecoinvent 3.11	2024	Primary data	0.84%
Heating box	Database	Ecoinvent 3.11	2024	Primary data	1.66%
Plastic part	Database	Ecoinvent 3.11	2024	Primary data	1.14%
Other processes accounting for less than 1%	Database	Ecoinvent 3.11	2024	Primary data	3.97%
Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3					10.18%
The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories.

Electricity data


Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services)
Type of electricity mix	Specific electricity mix as generated, or purchased from an electricity supplier, demonstrated by a contractual instrument
Energy sources	Hydro	0%
	Wind	100%
	Solar	0%
	Biomass	0%
	Geothermal	0%
	Waste	0%
	Nuclear	0%
	Natural gas	0%
	Coal	0%
	Oil	0%
	Peat	0%
	Other	0%
GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO₂ eq./kWh)	0 kg CO₂ eq./kWh

Description of the system boundary	b) Cradle to gate with options, modules C1-C4, module D and with optional modules (A1-A3 + C + D and additional modules).
Excluded modules	No, there is no excluded module, or there are no excluded modules

Declared modules

	Product stage			Construction process stage		Use stage							End of life stage				Beyond product life cycle
	Raw material supply	Transport	Manufacturing	Transport to site	Construction installation	Use	Maintenance	Repair	Replacement	Refurbishment	Operational energy use	Operational water use	De-construction demolition	Transport	Waste processing	Disposal	Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential
Module	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	C1	C2	C3	C4	D
Modules declared	X	X	X	ND	X	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	X	X	X	X	X
Geography	Poland	Poland	Poland	N/A	Poland	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Europe	Europe	Europe	Europe	Europe
Share of specific data	10%			-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Variation - products	0%			-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Variation - sites	0%			-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Disclaimer	The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only.

Process flow diagram(s) related images

Name of the default scenario	A1-A3
Description of the default scenario	Modules A1-A3 include steel raw materials documented in procurement records and their road/rail transport. The facility uses certified green electricity with zero environmental impact. It covers electricity, natural gas, and fuel consumption during manufacturing, with steel scrap allocated per EN 15804+A2 and other wastes treated via incineration/landfill. Packaging consists of wooden pallets and edge protectors.

Name of the default scenario

A1-A3

Description of the default scenario

Modules A1-A3 include steel raw materials documented in procurement records and their road/rail transport. The facility uses certified green electricity with zero environmental impact. It covers electricity, natural gas, and fuel consumption during manufacturing, with steel scrap allocated per EN 15804+A2 and other wastes treated via incineration/landfill. Packaging consists of wooden pallets and edge protectors.

Module A5: Installation in the building

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module A5	A5
Brief description of the default scenario in module A5	Module A5 is included to balance biogenic carbon content in packaging materials.
Description of the default scenario in module A5	Module A5 is included to balance biogenic carbon content in packaging materials.

Module C: End-of-life

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C	C1-C4
Brief description of the default scenario in module C	Modules C1-C4
Description of the default scenario in module C	Modules C1-C4, end-of-life scenario assumes diesel-powered deconstruction, 80 km transport to waste facilities, 85% steel recycling rate, and 15% landfilling per World Steel Association data.

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D	Module D
Brief description of the default scenario in module D	Module D
Description of the default scenario in module D	Module D accounts for environmental benefits from using recycled steel instead of virgin material, calculated using PEF parameter Y.

The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.

Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact category	Indicator	Unit	A1-A3	A4	A5	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	C1	C2	C3	C4	D
Climate change - total	GWP-total	kg CO₂ eq.	2.82E+3	ND	6.10E-4	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.99E-1	1.52E+1	1.92E-2	9.39E-1	-1.25E+3
Climate change - fossil	GWP-fossil	kg CO₂ eq.	2.81E+3	ND	1.20E-4	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.99E-1	1.52E+1	1.91E-2	9.39E-1	-1.25E+3
Climate change - biogenic	GWP-biogenic	kg CO₂ eq.	1.30E+1	ND	4.90E-4	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	4.01E-5	2.91E-3	4.10E-5	2.90E-4	-2.84E-1
Climate change - land use and land-use change	GWP-luluc	kg CO₂ eq.	1.68E+0	ND	6.49E-8	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	4.08E-5	5.04E-3	2.35E-5	5.30E-4	-3.70E-1
Ozone depletion	ODP	kg CFC-11 eq.	2.56E-5	ND	2.73E-12	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.92E-9	3.32E-7	2.53E-10	2.61E-8	-5.90E-6
Acidification	AP	mol H⁺ eq.	1.22E+1	ND	9.58E-7	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.56E-3	4.89E-2	2.30E-4	6.57E-3	-4.32E+0
Eutrophication aquatic freshwater	EP-freshwater	kg P eq.	1.66E+0	ND	8.81E-8	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.28E-5	1.04E-3	1.27E-5	8.22E-5	-5.97E-1
Eutrophication aquatic marine	EP-marine	kg N eq.	2.73E+0	ND	3.27E-6	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.66E-3	1.65E-2	5.06E-5	2.52E-3	-1.04E+0
Eutrophication terrestrial	EP-terrestrial	mol N eq.	2.82E+1	ND	4.28E-6	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.82E-2	1.79E-1	5.70E-4	2.76E-2	-1.12E+1
Photochemical ozone formation	POCP	kg NMVOC eq.	9.63E+0	ND	1.53E-6	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.43E-3	7.41E-2	1.70E-4	9.95E-3	-3.88E+0
Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals	ADP-minerals&metals¹	kg Sb eq.	3.11E-2	ND	2.41E-10	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.47E-7	5.25E-5	1.35E-6	1.41E-6	-1.19E-3
Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels	ADP-fossil¹	MJ, net calorific value	3.28E+4	ND	2.38E-3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.19E+0	2.16E+2	2.58E-1	2.30E+1	-1.28E+4
Water use	WDP¹	m³ world eq. deprived	9.35E+2	ND	1.50E-4	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.34E-2	1.13E+0	5.02E-3	1.01E+0	-3.43E+2
Acronyms	GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption
General disclaimer	The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1	The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator

Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators

Impact category	Indicator	Unit	A1-A3	A4	A5	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	C1	C2	C3	C4	D
Climate change - GWP-GHG	GWP-GHG¹	kg CO₂ eq.	2.81E+3	ND	3.99E-1	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.91E-2	9.39E-1	-1.25E+3	2.81E+3	1.20E-4
Acronyms	GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas.
General disclaimer	The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1	The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO₂ is set to zero.

Resource use indicators according to EN 15804

Indicator	Unit	A1-A3	A4	A5	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	C1	C2	C3	C4	D
PERE	MJ, net calorific value	7.21E+3	ND	3.49E-5	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.27E-2	3.51E+0	4.72E-2	2.15E-1	-4.88E+2
PERM	MJ, net calorific value	0.00E+0	ND	0.00E+0	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0
PERT	MJ, net calorific value	7.21E+3	ND	3.49E-5	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.27E-2	3.51E+0	4.72E-2	2.15E-1	-4.88E+2
PENRE	MJ, net calorific value	3.28E+4	ND	2.38E-3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.19E+0	2.16E+2	2.58E-1	2.30E+1	-1.28E+4
PENRM	MJ, net calorific value	0.00E+0	ND	0.00E+0	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0
PENRT	MJ, net calorific value	3.28E+4	ND	2.38E-3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.19E+0	2.16E+2	2.58E-1	2.30E+1	-1.28E+4
SM	kg	0.00E+0	ND	0.00E+0	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0
RSF	MJ, net calorific value	0.00E+0	ND	0.00E+0	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0
NRSF	MJ, net calorific value	0.00E+0	ND	0.00E+0	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0	0.00E+0
FW	m³	1.89E+1	ND	-3.22E-5	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.30E-4	2.61E-2	1.20E-4	2.38E-2	-7.13E+0
Acronyms	PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water.
General disclaimer	The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Waste indicators according to EN 15804

Indicator	Unit	A1-A3	A4	A5	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	C1	C2	C3	C4	D
HWD	kg	3.51E-1	ND	1.72E-8	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.67E-5	1.53E-3	2.21E-6	1.50E-4	-1.39E-1
NHWD	kg	3.86E+3	ND	8.88E-3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3.20E-2	1.27E+1	4.79E-2	1.50E+2	-1.25E+3
RWD	kg	4.46E-2	ND	4.92E-10	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	5.43E-7	6.35E-5	5.67E-7	3.35E-6	-9.15E-3
Acronyms	HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed.
General disclaimer	The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).