EPD-IES-0026530:001
Nails
Nails are connecting elements composed of a metal element with a sharp end, used for joining or fixing parts of an object, preferably in wood. They can produced in different shapes and sizes, including: square nails; round nails; ringed nails; threaded nails; beveled nails; and ringed/threaded nails in coil.
General information
| EPD Owner | Fapricela - Industria de Trefilaria, SA |
|---|---|
| Registration number | EPD-IES-0026530:001 |
| EPD type | EPD of multiple products based on the average results of the product group |
| Status | Valid |
| Initial version date | 2025-12-12 |
| Validity date | 2030-12-12 |
| Standards conformance | ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021, ISO 21930:2017 |
| Geographical scope | Global |
| An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD. | |
Programme information
| Programme | The International EPD® System |
|---|---|
| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 and ISO standard ISO 21930 serve as the core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
|---|---|
| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
Verification
| LCA accountability | Rita Garcia, rita.garcia@itecons.uc.pt, Fapricela - Industria de Trefilaria, SA |
|---|---|
| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
| Third-party verifier | Elisabet Amat (GREENIZE Projects) |
| Approved by | International EPD System |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.envrondec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | Fapricela - Industria de Trefilaria, SA |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | Adriana Rodrigues |
| Contact person e-mail | dep.comercial@fapricela.pt |
| Organisation address | Portugal Ançã 3060-071 Apartado 5 Manga da Granja |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
Fapricela – Indústria de Trefilaria, S.A. is a family-owned company founded in 1977, originally dedicated to manufacturing construction nails. Over the years, the company has expanded its product portfolio to meet evolving market demands, now offering a wide range of steel wire products including smooth steel wires. A major turning point came in 1995 with the launch of an ambitious investment program that enabled the production of high tensile steel products, such as low relaxation steel wire and strand for pre and post-tensioning applications. Today, Fapricela is recognized as a leading wire drawing company in Europe, with a broad and specialized product range and a strong export-oriented strategy reaching markets worldwide. Located near the Mondego River estuary, Fapricela prioritizes environmental protection and the preservation of its natural surroundings. Sustainability is a cornerstone of Fapricela’s strategic vision. The company is deeply committed to integrating environmentally responsible practices and social values into its operations, ensuring long-term success. Recent developments have further reinforced this commitment. The new nail manufacturing facility, designed and built under the principles of Industry 4.0, stands as a clear example of how sustainability and technological innovation can go hand in hand. This state-of-the-art plant incorporates smart automation and digital integration, optimizing energy use and reducing waste and real-time monitoring systems for quality control and environmental performance. These advancements not only improve operational efficiency but also significantly reduce the environmental footprint of production. The new facility exemplifies Fapricela’s proactive approach to sustainable industrial development and its role as a forward-thinking leader in the wire manufacturing sector. Fapricela is a certified company on ISO 9001 by APCER/IQNET and CARES UK, with mature procedures of production control and quality compliance. It has also multiple certification schemes related with product certification in countries all over the world such as Spain (AENOR), Portugal (CERTIF), Germany (DIBT –TUM), France (ASQPE), Denmark, Sweeden and Finland (KIWA FI), the Netherlands (KIWA NL), the UK (CARES), Belgium (OCAB/BENOR) Argentina (IRAM-INTI), Poland, Switzerland, Czechia, Austria, etc.
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | Nails |
|---|---|
| Product identification | Nails |
| Product description | Nails are connecting elements composed of a metal element with a sharp end, used for joining or fixing parts of an object, preferably in wood. They can produced in different shapes and sizes, including: square nails; round nails; ringed nails; threaded nails; beveled nails; and ringed/threaded nails in coil. |
| Technical purpose of product | Nails can be used for construction, carpentry, finishing, shipbuilding (hull and interior trim boats), and furniture. |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | The manufacturing process includes the following processes: wire stripping and drawing, cutting and polishing, and packaging. |
| Material properties | Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 |
| Manufacturing site | FAPRICELA Portugal Ançã 3060-071 Manga da Granja |
| UN CPC code | 412. Products of iron or steel |
| Geographical scope | Global |
Product images
Technical characteristics and performance
Technical performance
| Product name | Diameter (mm) | Length (mm) | Tensile strength (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Square nail | [1.83-6.58] | [25-200] | [500-800] |
| Round nail | [2.0-7.0] | [25-200] | [500-800] |
| Threaded nail | [2.0-3.8] | [32-100] | [500-800] |
| Ring nail | [2.0-3.8] | [32-100] | [500-800] |
| Beveled nail | [2.0-3.0] | [32-60] | [500-800] |
| Nail in coil | [2.0-3.8] | [32-100] | [500-800] |
Content declaration
| Content declaration of multiple products | Nails (average product) |
|---|---|
| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
Product content
| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit | Biogenic material kg CO2, eq./declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-carbon steel | 1 | 68.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 68.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | ||||
Packaging materials
| Material name | Mass, kg | Mass-% (versus the product) | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit | Biogenic material kg CO2, eq./declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardboard box | 0.00693 | 0.68 | 0 | 0 |
| Cardboard | 0.012 | 1.179 | 0 | 0 |
| Plastic film | 0.0000111 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| Label | 0.00000698 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 |
| Pallet | 0.000334 | 0.033 | 0.000131 | 0.00048033 |
| Staples | 0.0000707 | 0.007 | 0 | 0 |
| Glue | 0.00000237 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 |
| Copper wire | 0.000417 | 0.041 | 0 | 0 |
| Rubber band | 0.000417 | 0.041 | 0 | 0 |
| Resin | 0.00000006 | 0.00001 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 0.02018921 | 1.98501 | 0.000131 | 0.00048033 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | Nails Mass: 1 kg |
| Conversion factor to mass | 1 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.11 database Other database EF database 2.0 |
| LCA Software | SimaPro SimaPro 9.6 |
| Additional information about the underlying LCA-based information | Cut-off rules: Criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs follow the requirements of EN 15804: 2012+A2 2019 and ISO 21930:2017. Where there was insufficient data for a unit process in the LCA study, the cut-off criteria were set at 1% of renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and 1% of the total mass input of that process, with a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass per module, ensuring that at least 95% of the environmental impact per module is considered. Based on this cut-off criteria, ancillary materials (such as expendable components and chemicals for wastewater treatment) were excluded from the analysis. Personnel-related processes, such as transportation of employees to and from work, production and end-of-life processes of infrastructure and capital goods used in the product system as well as in upstream and downstream processes, and consumption and emissions in administrative areas and laboratories were not considered. Allocation: During the production of the nails, no co-products are produced; therefore, co-product allocation does not apply. All products sent to recycling are treated under the “polluter pays” principle. |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | EN 15804+A2 (version 1.01), LHV Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) (version 1.01), Selected LCI results, additional (version 1.07), EDIP 2003 (version 1.07) |
| Technology description including background system | The products considered are nails used as general fixing elements for wood. The products consist of low-carbon steel from an electric arc furnace. |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | Primary data was provided by Fapricela and was based on the average production of nails in 2022. For processes which the producer had no influence on or no specific information about, such as extraction of raw materials, production of customised products and electricity generation, literature and generic data from ecoinvent database v3.11 and EF database 2.0 was used, considering technological, geographical and temporal significance. |
|---|
Data quality assessment
| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production of steel | EPD | GlobalEPD 001-009 rev.1 | 2022 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Production of lubricating soap | Database | ecoinvent v3.11 | 2024 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Production and transportation of packaging materials | Database | ecoinvent v3.11 and EF database 2.0 | 2020 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Generation of electricity used in manufacturing the product | Database | ecoinvent v3.11 | 2024 | Primary data | 11.6% |
| Other processes | Collected data and databases | EPD owner, ecoinvent v3.11 and EF database 2.0 | 2024 | Primary and secondary data | 8.1% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 19.7% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
Electricity data
| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of electricity mix | Residual electricity mix on the market | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 3.3% |
| Wind | 7.3% | |
| Solar | 2.7% | |
| Biomass | 1.8% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0% | |
| Nuclear | 4.6% | |
| Natural gas | 49.6% | |
| Coal | 28.9% | |
| Oil | 0% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 0% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 0.61 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
| Method used to calculate residual electricity mix | Residual electricity mix on the Portuguese market. |
|---|
System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | a) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D). |
|---|---|
| Excluded modules | No, there is no excluded module, or there are no excluded modules |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | Portugal | Portugal | Portugal | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 19.7% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description of the process flow diagram(s)
Modules A1-A3 cover the extraction, production and acquisition of the main raw materials and pre-products, as well as electricity generation, transport of all raw materials considered in module A1 to the factory gate, and production of the final products, including waste management. The industrial process consists of three main processes: wire drawing and rolling, electro-welding, and packaging. In the manufacturing process (module A3) the following steps were considered: wire stripping and drawing, cutting and polishing, and packaging.
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | Representative scenario |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | Most representative scenario of end-of-life and Module D. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C | Default end-of-life |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module C | 95% recycling and 5% landfilling |
| Description of the default scenario in module C | At the end-of-life, 95% of the nails are sent for recycling and 5% is landfilled, according to the default recycling rate for Europe in the Product Environmental Footprint. Module C1 impacts were considered negligible since the product is part of a much larger system. For the transport of the electrowelded mesh at the end-of-life (Module C2), a distance of 80 km from the deconstruction site to the sorting facility, 80 km to the recycling plant, and 80 km to landfill were considered, according to PCR 2019:14. Module C3 has been modelled considering diesel consumption for loading and unloading at sorting facility and electricity consumption for mechanical sorting, according to PCR 2019:14. Module C4 includes environmental burdens associated with landfilling of scrap metal. |
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| C2: Transport to sorting facility | 80 | km |
| C2: Transport to recycling plant | 80 | km |
| C2: Transport to landfill | 80 | km |
| C3: Waste sent to recycling | 0.95 | kg |
| C3: Diesel consumption at sorting facility | 0.0018 | kWh |
| C3: Electricity consumption at sorting facility | 0.022 | kWh |
| C4: Waste sent to landfill | 0.05 | kg |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D | Default Module D |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module D | Net benefits and loads from net flows of scrap leaving the product system. |
| Description of the default scenario in module D | Module D was calculated for the recycling flows using the protocols stated in PCR 2019:14. Benefits and loads were assessed at the point of functional equivalence, i.e. where the substitution of EAF steel (recycling route) take place. In the recycling process, an efficiency of 95% was considered. Net benefits and loads from net flows of secondary materials leaving the product system were considered. |
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Net flow of scrap leaving the product system | 0.218 | kg |
Additional scenario 1
| Name of the additional scenario | Alternative end-of-life scenario - 100% landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | Alternative end-of-life scenario, considering 100% landfill disposal of electrowelded mesh reinforcement. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | At the end-of-life, 100% of the nails are landfilled. Module C1 impacts were considered negligible since the product is part of a much larger system. For the transport of the electrowelded mesh at the end-of-life (Module C2), a distance of 80 km to landfill was considered, according to PCR 2019:14. Module C4 includes environmental burdens associated with landfilling of scrap metal. |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| C2: Transport to landfill | 80 | km |
| C4: Waste sent to landfill | 1 | kg |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | There are no benefits and loads beyond the system boundary. |
|---|
Additional scenario 2
| Name of the additional scenario | Alternative end-of-life scenario - 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | Alternative end-of-life scenario, considering 100% recycling of electrowelded mesh reinforcement. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | At the end-of-life, 100% of the nails are sent for recycling. Module C1 impacts were considered negligible since the product is part of a much larger system. For the transport of the electrowelded mesh at the end-of-life (Module C2), a distance of 80 km from the deconstruction site to the sorting facility and 80 km to the recycling plant were considered, according to PCR 2019:14. Module C3 was modelled considering diesel consumption for loading and unloading at sorting facility and electricity consumption for mechanical sorting, according to PCR 2019:14. |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| C2: Transport to sorting facility | 80 | km |
| C2: Transport to recycling plant | 80 | km |
| C3: Waste sent to recycling | 1 | kg |
| C3: Diesel consumption at sorting facility | 5.83E-03 | MJ |
| C3: Electricity consumption at sorting facility | 1.98E-03 | kWh |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | Module D was calculated for the recycling flows using the protocols stated in PCR 2019:14. Benefits and loads were assessed at the point of functional equivalence, i.e. where the substitution of EAF steel (recycling route) takes place. In the recycling process, an efficiency of 95% was considered. Net benefits and loads from net flows of secondary materials leaving the product system were considered. |
|---|
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Net flow of scrap leaving the product system | 0.265 | kg |
Environmental performance
The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | Variation2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 6.27E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 2.45E-2 | 1.27E-3 | 1.37E-4 | -2.57E-1 | 0.00% |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 5.49E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 2.45E-2 | 1.24E-3 | 1.36E-4 | -2.58E-1 | 0.00% |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | 2.64E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 5.51E-6 | 2.44E-5 | 4.97E-8 | 1.29E-3 | 0.00% |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 5.20E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.88E-7 | 2.02E-6 | 6.89E-9 | 6.53E-5 | 0.00% |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.66E-8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 5.57E-10 | 1.89E-11 | 1.96E-12 | -4.29E-10 | 0.00% |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 1.83E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 6.33E-5 | 8.55E-6 | 1.23E-6 | -7.71E-4 | 0.00% |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 4.65E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.26E-7 | 6.19E-7 | 3.83E-9 | -1.15E-4 | 0.00% |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 8.01E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 2.42E-5 | 3.10E-6 | 5.61E-7 | -1.91E-4 | 0.00% |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 5.02E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 2.64E-4 | 3.25E-5 | 6.14E-6 | -2.09E-3 | 0.00% |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.92E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.05E-4 | 9.81E-6 | 1.86E-6 | -7.63E-4 | 0.00% |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1 | kg Sb eq. | 2.59E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 6.39E-10 | 6.43E-11 | 4.54E-12 | 2.04E-8 | 0.00% |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 7.81E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.26E-1 | 2.33E-2 | 1.75E-3 | -2.14E+0 | 0.00% |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 3.91E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.07E-4 | 1.48E-4 | 1.53E-6 | -2.25E-2 | 0.00% |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | |||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The maximum variation in results between the included products for modules A-C. | |||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 6.01E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 2.45E-2 | 1.24E-3 | 1.37E-4 | -2.58E-1 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter emissions | PM | Disease incidence | 5.00E-8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.63E-9 | 1.64E-10 | 3.48E-11 | -1.56E-8 |
| Ionizing radiation - human health | IRP1 | kBq U235 eq. | 9.33E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 8.21E-5 | 4.54E-4 | 4.11E-7 | 1.98E-2 |
| Eco-toxicity - freshwater | ETP-fw2 | CTUe | 9.21E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 4.07E-3 | 4.46E-4 | 2.78E-5 | -4.17E-1 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | HTP-c2 | CTUh | 3.06E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 7.59E-3 | 1.03E-3 | 3.88E-5 | -1.31E-1 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | HTP-nc2 | CTUh | 5.94E-11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.65E-12 | 1.02E-13 | 9.40E-15 | 4.04E-11 |
| Land-use related impacts/soil quality | SQP2 | Dimensionless | 1.80E-9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.63E-10 | 3.98E-12 | 1.80E-13 | 4.78E-10 |
| Acronyms | PM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 2.16E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 8.01E-4 | 3.53E-3 | 7.63E-6 | -8.57E-1 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 2.48E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 1.00E+0 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 2.41E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 8.01E-4 | 3.53E-3 | 7.63E-6 | 1.43E-1 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 9.61E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.26E-1 | 2.33E-2 | 1.75E-3 | -3.14E+0 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 1.15E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 1.00E+0 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 9.61E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.26E-1 | 2.33E-2 | 1.75E-3 | -2.14E+0 |
| SM | kg | 1.02E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| FW | m3 | 4.52E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 6.31E-6 | 9.85E-6 | 5.90E-8 | -3.18E-4 |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 2.26E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 2.17E-6 | 8.19E-8 | 1.16E-8 | -3.40E-5 |
| NHWD | kg | 2.74E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.10E-5 | 1.04E-5 | 5.00E-2 | 4.73E-4 |
| RWD | kg | 1.37E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.97E-8 | 1.16E-7 | 9.88E-11 | 5.11E-6 |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MFR | kg | 5.63E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 9.50E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MER | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | Alternative end-of-life scenario - 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | Compared to the default scenario: C1 and C2 results are the same; C3 results are higher as 100% of the product is recycled; C4 results are zero as no waste is sent to landfill. D results are lower, as the quantity of recycled material arising from the product system is higher. |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 6.27E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.68E-2 | 1.33E-3 | 0.00E+0 | -3.12E-1 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 5.49E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.68E-2 | 1.31E-3 | 0.00E+0 | -3.14E-1 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | 2.64E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 8.27E-6 | 2.56E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 1.57E-3 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 5.20E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 5.81E-7 | 2.12E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 7.94E-5 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.66E-8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 8.36E-10 | 1.99E-11 | 0.00E+0 | -5.22E-10 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 1.83E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 9.50E-5 | 9.00E-6 | 0.00E+0 | -9.38E-4 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 4.65E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.89E-7 | 6.52E-7 | 0.00E+0 | -1.40E-4 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 8.01E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.62E-5 | 3.26E-6 | 0.00E+0 | -2.32E-4 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 5.02E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.96E-4 | 3.42E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -2.54E-3 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.92E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.57E-4 | 1.03E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -9.27E-4 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals¹ | kg Sb eq. | 2.59E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 9.59E-10 | 6.77E-11 | 0.00E+0 | 2.48E-8 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil¹ | MJ, net calorific value | 7.81E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 4.89E-1 | 2.46E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -2.61E+0 |
| Water use | WDP¹ | m³ world eq. deprived | 3.91E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.60E-4 | 1.56E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -2.74E-2 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | Alternative end-of-life scenario - 100% landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | Compared to the default scenario: C1 results are the same; C2 results are lower as all waste is assumed to be transported to the landfill disposal site directly from the demolition site; C3 results are zero as no waste is sent to recycling; C4 results are higher as all waste is sent to landfill; D results are zero, as there is no recycled material arising from the product system. |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 6.27E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.23E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 2.73E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 5.49E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.23E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 2.73E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | 2.64E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 2.76E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 9.93E-7 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 5.20E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.94E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 1.38E-7 | 0.00E+0 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.66E-8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 2.79E-10 | 0.00E+0 | 3.92E-11 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 1.83E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.17E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 2.46E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 4.65E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 6.31E-8 | 0.00E+0 | 7.67E-8 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 8.01E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.21E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 1.12E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 5.02E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.32E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 1.23E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.92E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 5.24E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 3.72E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals¹ | kg Sb eq. | 2.59E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 3.20E-10 | 0.00E+0 | 9.08E-11 | 0.00E+0 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil¹ | MJ, net calorific value | 7.81E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 1.63E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.49E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Water use | WDP¹ | m³ world eq. deprived | 3.91E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 5.33E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 3.05E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Information related to EPDs of multiple products
| Description of how the averages have been determined | The EPD covers nails of different dimensions produced with the same manufacturing process and materials. As the environmental performance across the products was comparable, an average was derived using site-specific data. This average is considered to reflect the typical impacts of the product group as currently produced. |
|---|
Abbreviations
EPD: Environmental product Category
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
PCR: Product Category Rules
References
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). EN ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management – life cycle assessment –principles and framework, 2006.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). EN ISO 14044:2006. Environmental management ‒ Life cycle assessment ‒ Requirements and guidelines, 2006.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 14025:2006. Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — Principles and procedures, 2006.
European Standard. EN 15804:2012+A2:2019. Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products, 2019.
European Standard (2024). EN 15941:2024. Sustainability of construction works — Data quality for environmental assessment of products and construction work — Selection and use of data.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 21930:2017 – Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Core rules for environmental product declarations of construction products and services, 2017.
General Programme Instructions of the International EPD® System. Version 5.0.1.
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FitzGerald D., Bourgault G., Vadenbo C., Sonderegger T., Symeonidis A., Fazio S., Valente A., Müller J., Dellenbach D., Stoikou N., Bonanno E., Baumann D., Clementi M., Ioannou I., Cirone F., Superti V., Savant S., Beckert P., Treichel A., Kaarlela O., Kunde S., Bichot L., Cassar C., Jensen S., Giakoumatos A., Valsasina L., Moreno Ruiz E. Documentation of changes implemented in the ecoinvent database v3.11. Ecoinvent Association, Zürich, Switzerland, 2024.
European Commission. Environmental Footprint (EF) database 2.0, Version 1.1, 2020.
Megasa. Environmental Product Declaration of Hot-rolled wire rod for steel fabric proceeding from an electric arc furnace. Global EPD. GlobalEPD 001-009 rev.1.
European Commission. ANNEX C for Product Environmental Footprint Method, 2020. Retrieved from https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/permalink/Annex_C_V2.1_May2020.xlsx (accessed on 30/10/2025).
Garcia, R., Santos, M.I. (2025) Life Cycle Assessment Background Report – Nails. RCT201/25.
Version history
Original version of the EPD