EPD-IES-0031062:001
Steel Wire
According to customer needs, Huayongxin produces various types of steel wires according to different execution standards: (1) steel wire for prestressed concrete, (2) prestressed pipe wire, and (3) low relaxation spiral rib wire.
The production process for these steel wires is the same, with only customized treatment at different stages.
(1) The prestressed concrete wire produced by Huayongxin is a core building material suitable for various prestressed concrete projects, with a universal specification for both domestic sales and exports. Each roll has an inner diameter of about 170 cm, an outer diameter of about 220 cm and a weight of about 1000 kg, which is convenient for storage, transportation and construction deployment. Made of high-carbon steel and processed by professional drawing technology, the product features a strict chemical composition ratio: the carbon content is controlled at 0.60-0.90, silicon at 0.10-0.35, manganese at 0.40-0.90, and the content of harmful elements sulfur and phosphorus is not more than 0.05, ensuring the mechanical properties of the product from the raw material stage.
The product can be manufactured in accordance with national standards such as GB, BSI, ASTM and JIS according to customer needs, including stress-relieved normal relaxation type, low relaxation type, as well as indented and crimped styles. Among them, the spiral rib type is a traditional and commonly used type in China's engineering field. Its core advantage lies in the spiral surface design: compared with similar wires, it has higher bonding stress with concrete, can provide a higher compressive stress value when applied to concrete projects, and greatly reduce product loss during production and transportation. In addition, the wire has similar mechanical properties to other prestressed wires and can be used with various construction tools and equipment without additional adaptation, featuring high construction convenience.
In terms of mechanical properties, the peak typical load of the wire can reach 64.3 kN, and there are also load grades such as 34.7 kN and 22.3 kN adapted to different projects, which can meet the needs of domestic bridges, sleepers, hydropower projects and concrete buildings.
(2) The cold tensile prestressed steel wire for pipelines is used for producing pipelines. The core purpose of cold tensile prestressed steel wire for pipelines is to provide circumferential preloading stress for pipelines, greatly improving their pressure bearing, crack resistance, and durability capabilities.
The production process of cold tensile prestressed steel wire for pipeline is: raw material inspection, surface treatment, drying, drawing, retraction, inspection, acceptance. In order to ensure stress resistant corrosion performance of the steel wire, strict control is carried out on raw materials, pickling, drying, pulling and other links, and high-quality SWRH 82B discs produced by the Big Iron and Steel Group are used as raw materials and can be put into production after strict inspection. When pickling, strictly control pickling concentration to reduce the hydrogen absorption of the plate.
In the process of wire drawing, advanced wire drawing technology is used to prevent the internal and surface defects of the steel wire. The specific content will be introduced in the production part of semi-finished steel wire in the wire winch. Strict control of the steel wire temperature, the maximum temperature of the steel wire die outlet does not exceed 150" C and quickly cool. After the temperature of the steel wire rises, strain aging will occur.
(3) The low slack spiral rib wire has a wide range of applications, including highway and railway facilities, water conservancy facilities such as water towers, reservoirs, and aqueducts, wind turbines and towers, photovoltaic supports, structural components in energy storage fields, nuclear power plant safety shells. It can also be used in infrastructure such as large-span pipe galleries, box culverts, and pipe piles.
The production process of low slack spiral rib wire is: raw material inspection, surface treatment, semi-finished product drawing, screw rib pulling, stabilization treatment, receiving line, inspection, acceptance. Spiral ribbed pull-out is done by a dedicated rotating body and spiral mold. The stabilized temperature of the steel wire is generally 380 C~ 400 C, and the tension is provided by label when the spiral rib is pulled. Gener-ally, 1.1 times the diameter of the finished product is used as the diameter of the semi-finished steel wire, so that the tension generated can reach a relaxation performance of less than 2.0 %.
General information
| EPD Owner | TIANJIN HUAYONGXIN PRESTRESSED STEEL WIRE CO., LTD. |
|---|---|
| Registration number | EPD-IES-0031062:001 |
| EPD type | EPD of a single product from a manufacturer/service provider |
| Status | Valid |
| Version date | 2026-03-31 |
| Validity date | 2031-03-31 |
| Standards conformance | ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 |
| Geographical scope | Global, China |
| An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD. | |
Programme information
| Programme | International EPD System |
|---|---|
| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
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| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
Verification
| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
|---|---|
| Third-party verifier | Ying SU (Freelance) |
| Approved by | International EPD System |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | TIANJIN HUAYONGXIN PRESTRESSED STEEL WIRE CO., LTD. |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | Changhao Han |
| Contact person e-mail | 292547739@qq.com |
| Organisation address | China Tianjin 301699 East side of State Road 104, DongShuangtang Village, Shuangtang Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin |
| LCA Practitioner | Yihe Yang, yangyihe@cti-cert.com |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
Tianjin Huayongxin Prestressed Steel Wire co., ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Huayongxin) was founded in 2004 and is located in Jinghai District, Tianjin with convenient transportation. As a major domestic manufacturer of prestressed steel, the company integrates production and trade. The steel strands and wires produced by the company have been inspected and certified by the China National Construction Steel Quality Supervision and Test Centre, and have been actually used in the construction of multiple highways, subways, and urban light rails in China The products are exported to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe, America, South Korea, Japan and other regions. The highest annual export volume can reach 60,000 tons, winning trust from customers at home and abroad with high-quality products and services.
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | Steel wire |
|---|---|
| Product identification | Steel wires are produced according to different execution standards based on customer needs, such as: GB/T 5223-2025 / ASTM A421-16 / BS 5896-2012 |
| Product description | According to customer needs, Huayongxin produces various types of steel wires according to different execution standards: (1) steel wire for prestressed concrete, (2) prestressed pipe wire, and (3) low relaxation spiral rib wire. The production process for these steel wires is the same, with only customized treatment at different stages. (1) The prestressed concrete wire produced by Huayongxin is a core building material suitable for various prestressed concrete projects, with a universal specification for both domestic sales and exports. Each roll has an inner diameter of about 170 cm, an outer diameter of about 220 cm and a weight of about 1000 kg, which is convenient for storage, transportation and construction deployment. Made of high-carbon steel and processed by professional drawing technology, the product features a strict chemical composition ratio: the carbon content is controlled at 0.60-0.90, silicon at 0.10-0.35, manganese at 0.40-0.90, and the content of harmful elements sulfur and phosphorus is not more than 0.05, ensuring the mechanical properties of the product from the raw material stage. The product can be manufactured in accordance with national standards such as GB, BSI, ASTM and JIS according to customer needs, including stress-relieved normal relaxation type, low relaxation type, as well as indented and crimped styles. Among them, the spiral rib type is a traditional and commonly used type in China's engineering field. Its core advantage lies in the spiral surface design: compared with similar wires, it has higher bonding stress with concrete, can provide a higher compressive stress value when applied to concrete projects, and greatly reduce product loss during production and transportation. In addition, the wire has similar mechanical properties to other prestressed wires and can be used with various construction tools and equipment without additional adaptation, featuring high construction convenience. In terms of mechanical properties, the peak typical load of the wire can reach 64.3 kN, and there are also load grades such as 34.7 kN and 22.3 kN adapted to different projects, which can meet the needs of domestic bridges, sleepers, hydropower projects and concrete buildings. (2) The cold tensile prestressed steel wire for pipelines is used for producing pipelines. The core purpose of cold tensile prestressed steel wire for pipelines is to provide circumferential preloading stress for pipelines, greatly improving their pressure bearing, crack resistance, and durability capabilities. The production process of cold tensile prestressed steel wire for pipeline is: raw material inspection, surface treatment, drying, drawing, retraction, inspection, acceptance. In order to ensure stress resistant corrosion performance of the steel wire, strict control is carried out on raw materials, pickling, drying, pulling and other links, and high-quality SWRH 82B discs produced by the Big Iron and Steel Group are used as raw materials and can be put into production after strict inspection. When pickling, strictly control pickling concentration to reduce the hydrogen absorption of the plate. In the process of wire drawing, advanced wire drawing technology is used to prevent the internal and surface defects of the steel wire. The specific content will be introduced in the production part of semi-finished steel wire in the wire winch. Strict control of the steel wire temperature, the maximum temperature of the steel wire die outlet does not exceed 150" C and quickly cool. After the temperature of the steel wire rises, strain aging will occur. (3) The low slack spiral rib wire has a wide range of applications, including highway and railway facilities, water conservancy facilities such as water towers, reservoirs, and aqueducts, wind turbines and towers, photovoltaic supports, structural components in energy storage fields, nuclear power plant safety shells. It can also be used in infrastructure such as large-span pipe galleries, box culverts, and pipe piles. The production process of low slack spiral rib wire is: raw material inspection, surface treatment, semi-finished product drawing, screw rib pulling, stabilization treatment, receiving line, inspection, acceptance. Spiral ribbed pull-out is done by a dedicated rotating body and spiral mold. The stabilized temperature of the steel wire is generally 380 C~ 400 C, and the tension is provided by label when the spiral rib is pulled. Gener-ally, 1.1 times the diameter of the finished product is used as the diameter of the semi-finished steel wire, so that the tension generated can reach a relaxation performance of less than 2.0 %. |
| Product information from external sources | http://www.tjhuayongxin.net/ |
| Technical purpose of product | The prestressed concrete wire produced by Huayongxin is a core building material suitable for various prestressed concrete projects. The cold tensile prestressed steel wire for pipelines is used for producing pipelines. The core purpose of cold tensile prestressed steel wire for pipelines is to provide circumferential preloading stress for pipelines, greatly improving their pressure bearing, crack resistance, and durability capabilities. The low slack spiral rib wire has a wide range of applications, including highway and railway facilities, water conservancy facilities such as water towers, reservoirs, and aqueducts, wind turbines and towers, photovoltaic supports, structural components in energy storage fields, nuclear power plant safety shells, and other electrical equipment as components which do not belong to construction production. It can also be used in infrastructure such as large-span pipe galleries, box culverts, and pipe piles. |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | 1. The high carbon wire rods purchased from upstream steelmaking plants will be inspected to confirm the quality. 2. Then, it will be pickled and phosphating by an external supplier. The external supplier is a local company located in Jinghai District, Tianjin, providing services to multiple steel wire or steel strand manufacturers. 3. Subsequently, wire drawing and medium-frequency heating are carried out in the factory by using electricity rather than natural gas (the medium-frequency heating process is not available for cold drawn steel wire). 4. Finally, take-up spool, inspect, and package finished products. |
| Material properties | Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 |
| Manufacturing site | Tianjin Huayongxin Prestressed Steel Wire co., ltd. Tianjing Jinghai China Tianjin 301699 East side of State Road 104, DongShuangtang Village, Shuangtang Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin |
| UN CPC code | 41263. Wire of iron or non-alloy steel |
| Geographical scope | Global, China |
| Geographical scope description | A1: CN, GLO A2: CN, GLO A3: CN C1-C4: GLO D: GLO |
Product images
Technical characteristics and performance
Technical performance
| Nominal diameter / mm | Permissible deviation of diameter / mm | Nominal cross-sectional area / mm² | Theoretical mass per meter / (g/m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4-4.8 | ±0.04 | 12.57-18.1 | |
| 5-7.5 | ±0.05 | 19.63-44.18 | |
| 8-12 | ±0.06 | 50.26-133.1 |
Content declaration
| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
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Product content
| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| steel | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
Packaging materials
| Material name | Mass, kg | Mass-% (versus the product) | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wrapping Cloth (PE) | 1.653 | 0.165 | 0 |
| Steel strapping (Steel) | 1.106 | 0.111 | 0 |
| Total | 2.759 | 0.276 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | ||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | Steel wire Mass: 1000 kg |
| Conversion factor to mass | 1 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.10 database |
| LCA Software | SimaPro 9.6 |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | GWP-total, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 GWP-fossil, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 GWP-biogenic, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 GWP-luluc, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 ODP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 AP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 EP-freshwater, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 EP-marine, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 EP-terrestrial, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 POCP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 ADP-minerals&metals, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 ADP-fossil, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 WDP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 PM, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 IRP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 ETP-fw, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 HTP-c, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 HTP-nc, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 SQP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 |
| Technology description including background system | This product is made from high carbon wire rods, with a carbon content of less than 0.9% |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | Module A1, the raw material dataset comes from the Ecoinvent 3.10 and EN 15804 databases embedded in the Simapro 10.2 software. Module A2, the main raw materials are estimated for transportation distance based on the origin provided by the enterprise, and the transportation method is provided by the enterprise. The secondary data of the corresponding transportation method provided in the database is used for calculation. Module A3, the specific data are collected from October 2024 to September 2025, targeting specific technologies and technology combinations. It can effectively reflect the characteristics of time span, geographical scope, and technology coverage, and has good representativeness. Pickling, wastewater treatment, and sludge treatment are classified as "other processes". Because it uses datasets from other local supplier with the same technology and within the same period, it belongs to secondary data. For module C1-C4 and module D, all data are secondary data, modeled based on default assumption scenarios of PCR table 4, and sourced from the Ecoinvent 3.10 database of Simapro 10.2. The reference year is 2023. |
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Data quality assessment
| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production of wire rod | Database | Ecoinvent 3.10 | 2023 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Production of packaging | Database | Ecoinvent 3.10 | 2023 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Transport to manufacturing site | Database | Ecoinvent 3.10 | 2023 | Primary data | 1.1% |
| Self-generated and purchased electricity used in manufacturing of product | Collected data, Data base | EPD owner, Ecoinvent 3.10 | Oct 2024 to Sep 2025 | Primary data | 6.81% |
| other processes (other local supplier with same process) | Database | Ecoinvent 3.10 | 2023 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 7.91% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
| Comment on the data sources and other information in the table | Infrastructure and capital goods are not modelled.For example, the maintenance, upkeep, repair, and replacement of equipment components such as drawing dies during the drawing process have not been considered in the modeling. But the dataset used for electricity includes modelling of infrastructure and capital goods. |
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Electricity data
| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of electricity mix | Specific electricity mix as generated, or purchased from an electricity supplier, demonstrated by a contractual instrument | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 0.72% |
| Wind | 7.08% | |
| Solar | 19.5% | |
| Biomass | 0% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0% | |
| Nuclear | 1.2% | |
| Natural gas | 4.47% | |
| Coal | 66.91% | |
| Oil | 0.11% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 0% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 1 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
| Method used to calculate residual electricity mix | Huayongxin has installed photovoltaic panels on the roof, connected to two 630KVA transformers in the steel wire production factory, which directly connects to steel wire production line. But during holidays, production line maintenance and equipment repairs, the generated photovoltaic power will be sold to the State Grid.This means that only steel wire production lines can use photovoltaic power. For the self-generating part, the daily use, cleaning, and maintenance of photovoltaic panels has been considered in modelling work. For the purchased electricity, the North China Power Grid dataset was used, which contained the data of different energy sources. Finally, calculate the percentage of different energy sources based on the ratio of self-generated electricity (solar) to purchased electricity (mixed energy source). |
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System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | a) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D). |
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| Excluded modules | No, there is no excluded module, or there are no excluded modules |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | Global | Global | China | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 7.91% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description of the process flow diagram(s)
Based on section 2.2.2, the system boundary is “Cradle to gate with module C1-C4 and module D”, which includes the Product stage (A1-A3), End of life stage (C1-C4), benefits and loads beyond the system boundary (D). The description of life cycle stage A-D is as follows: A1: Extraction and processing of raw materials for the Product. A2: Transport of materials to the manufacturing facilities. A3: Pickling and phosphating by outsourced service, manufacturing of the product and packaging.[t7.1][YY7.2] C1: Demolition/construction of concrete/reinforced concrete,10 kWh/tonne diesel. C2: Transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated), 80 km, 16-32 tonne lorry (EURO 5), 50% load factor C3: Fragging of steel, 7.4 kWh/tonne diesel. C4: Compacting of inert construction waste for landfills (including backfilling), 1.6 kWh/tonne diesel D: The loads and benefits result from the recycling of product waste.
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | Default scenario |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | Due to the wide range of applications of steel wire, it is not possible to obtain the proportion of different downstream usage scenarios. Therefore, based on conservative principles, in module C, it is assumed that all the materials used for concrete (which consumes the most diesel during demolition than any other scenarios). |
Module C: End-of-life
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C | Default module C |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module C | 85% recycling, 15% landfill |
| Description of the default scenario in module C | According to the default values in Table 4 of PCR 2019:14 v2.0.1, it is assumed: Demolition/construction of concrete/reinforced concrete,10 kWh/tonne diesel. According to the default values in Table 4 of PCR 2019:14 v2.0.1, it is assumed: Transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated), 80 km, 16-32 tonne lorry (EURO 5), 50% load factor (i.e. in modeling, actual transport distant is 160km). Based on World Steel Association (2020) and PEF method Annex_C, 85% of scrap steel is recycled, and 15% of scrap steel is landfilled, i.e. 0.85 tonne iron scrap is assumed to recycle. According to the default values in Table 4 of PCR 2019:14 v2.0.1, it is assumed: Fragging of steel, 7.4 kWh/tonne diesel and actual 6.29 kWh/tonne diesel has been modeled. 15% of scrap steel is landfilled. According to the default values in Table 4 of PCR 2019:14 v2.0.1, it is assumed: Compacting of inert construction waste for landfills (including backfilling), 1.6 kWh/tonne diesel and 0.24 kWh/tonne diesel has been modeled. |
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Demolition/construction of concrete/reinforced concrete, diesel | 10 | kWh |
| Transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated), 80 km, 16-32 tonne lorry (EURO 5), 50% load factor | 160 | km |
| Fragging of steel, diesel | 6.29 | kWh |
| Compacting of inert construction waste for landfills (including backfilling), diesel | 1.6 | kWh |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D | Default module D |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module D | Benifit beyond system boundary |
| Description of the default scenario in module D | According to the guidelines of EN 15804+A2 and the PCR from EPD International, calculations are made for Module D. The loads and benefits result from the recycling of product waste. The product packaging cannot be determined whether it will be recycled, and it cannot be confirmed whether the combustion efficiency is greater than 60% for energy recovery. Therefore, based on conservative principles, the environmental benefits of packaging will not be considered In this LCA study, it is assumed that the landfilling of products covered in Disposal, C4 yields no benefits that extend beyond the product system boundary. In the conventional mechanical dismantling scenario, the industry recognized yield of steel wire sorting, impurity removal, and melting is 95%, with a processing loss of about 5%. Therefore, the Y value is taken as 0.95. Due to the fact that the recycled scrap steel can be re-smelted and the product quality is no different from that of steel products smelted using iron ore. Therefore, QR_out/Qsub is set to 1. All potential benefits from recycling that occur outside the defined system boundary of the studied product system are formally declared and reported in this module. |
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| GWP- total | -1.64E+03 | kg CO2 eq. |
Additional scenario 1
| Name of the additional scenario | 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | 100% recycling without landfill |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | After the concrete prestressed steel wire is scrapped, it has broken into multiple parts wrapped in concrete fragments due to electrochemical corrosion and physical deformation. Then, it can be sorted and then broken into smaller iron fragments and iron blocks for recycling. |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Demolition/construction of concrete/reinforced concrete, diesel | 10 | kWh |
| Transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated), 80 km, 16-32 tonne lorry (EURO 5), 50% load factor | 160 | km |
| Fragging of steel, diesel | 7.4 | kWh |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | Benifit beyond system boundary |
|---|
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| GWP- total | -1.83E+03 | kg CO2 eq. |
Additional scenario 2
| Name of the additional scenario | 100% landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | 100% landfill without recycling |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | After the concrete prestressed steel wire is scrapped, it has broken into multiple parts wrapped in concrete fragments due to electrochemical corrosion and physical deformation. Then, it can be landfilled without further treatment. |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Demolition/construction of concrete/reinforced concrete, diesel | 10 | kWh |
| Transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated), 80 km, 16-32 tonne lorry (EURO 5), 50% load factor | 160 | km |
| Compacting of inert construction waste for landfills (including backfilling), diesel | 1.6 | kWh |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | Benifit beyond system boundary |
|---|
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| GWP- total | 0.00E+00 | kg CO2 eq. |
Environmental performance
The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 2.15E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61E+0 | 3.13E+1 | 2.27E+0 | 8.66E-2 | -1.64E+3 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 2.14E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61E+0 | 3.13E+1 | 2.27E+0 | 8.66E-2 | -1.63E+3 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | 8.58E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.90E-4 | 3.92E-4 | 2.45E-4 | 9.35E-6 | -6.96E+0 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 6.57E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.13E-4 | 1.24E-2 | 1.97E-4 | 7.52E-6 | -5.08E-1 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 8.31E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.52E-8 | 4.37E-7 | 3.47E-8 | 1.32E-9 | -4.96E-6 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 7.70E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.25E-2 | 1.04E-1 | 2.05E-2 | 7.81E-4 | -5.58E+0 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 7.17E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.05E-4 | 2.46E-3 | 6.61E-5 | 2.52E-6 | -5.76E-1 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 1.74E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.51E-2 | 3.38E-2 | 9.50E-3 | 3.62E-4 | -1.26E+0 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 1.87E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.65E-1 | 3.68E-1 | 1.04E-1 | 3.97E-3 | -1.36E+1 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 6.26E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.93E-2 | 1.45E-1 | 3.10E-2 | 1.18E-3 | -4.60E+0 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1 | kg Sb eq. | 2.22E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.26E-6 | 1.00E-4 | 7.90E-7 | 3.01E-8 | -9.91E-4 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 2.03E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.72E+1 | 4.39E+2 | 2.97E+1 | 1.13E+0 | -1.52E+4 |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 4.61E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.38E-1 | 2.40E+0 | 8.69E-2 | 3.32E-3 | -3.66E+2 |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 2.14E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61E+0 | 3.13E+1 | 2.27E+0 | 8.66E-2 | -1.63E+3 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter emissions | PM | Disease incidence | 1.84E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.25E-7 | 2.48E-6 | 5.82E-7 | 2.22E-8 | -1.41E-4 |
| Ionizing radiation - human health | IRP1 | kBq U235 eq. | 2.99E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.11E-2 | 3.61E-1 | 1.33E-2 | 5.07E-4 | -2.24E+1 |
| Eco-toxicity - freshwater | ETP-fw2 | CTUe | 6.58E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.68E+0 | 1.17E+2 | 4.20E+0 | 1.60E-1 | -5.51E+4 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | HTP-c2 | CTUh | 1.91E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.41E-8 | 1.62E-7 | 8.87E-9 | 3.38E-10 | -1.62E-4 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | HTP-nc2 | CTUh | 1.82E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.40E-9 | 2.81E-7 | 4.03E-9 | 1.54E-10 | -1.38E-5 |
| Land-use related impacts/soil quality | SQP2 | Dimensionless | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.30E+0 | 2.62E+2 | 2.08E+0 | 7.93E-2 | -3.61E+3 |
| Acronyms | PM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 7.89E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.89E-1 | 5.76E+0 | 1.82E-1 | 6.93E-3 | -4.94E+2 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 7.89E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.89E-1 | 5.76E+0 | 1.82E-1 | 6.93E-3 | -4.94E+2 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 2.03E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.72E+1 | 4.39E+2 | 2.97E+1 | 1.13E+0 | -1.52E+4 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 6.21E+1 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 2.03E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.72E+1 | 4.39E+2 | 2.97E+1 | 1.13E+0 | -1.52E+4 |
| SM | kg | 2.38E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.96E-2 | 1.97E-1 | 1.23E-2 | 4.70E-4 | -2.02E+2 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 9.21E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.12E-5 | 2.51E-3 | 3.22E-5 | 1.23E-6 | -7.11E-2 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| FW | m3 | 1.11E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.37E-3 | 5.86E-2 | 2.12E-3 | 8.09E-5 | -8.77E+0 |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 3.70E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.27E-2 | 7.69E-1 | 3.31E-2 | 1.26E-3 | -2.97E+2 |
| NHWD | kg | 4.26E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.20E-1 | 1.45E+1 | 4.53E-1 | 1.73E-2 | -3.33E+3 |
| RWD | kg | 7.27E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.18E-6 | 8.84E-5 | 3.26E-6 | 1.24E-7 | -5.46E-3 |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MFR | kg | 3.64E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.27E-4 | 3.23E-3 | 8.02E-5 | 3.06E-6 | -2.10E-1 |
| MER | kg | 9.27E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.46E-7 | 2.83E-5 | 4.07E-7 | 1.55E-8 | -6.61E-4 |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 2.22E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.14E-3 | 3.19E-2 | 1.34E-3 | 5.13E-5 | -1.72E+0 |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 2.03E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.12E-3 | 6.44E-2 | 7.07E-4 | 2.70E-5 | -1.47E+0 |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | 100%recycling |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GWP – total | kg CO2e | 2.15E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61E+0 | 3.13E+1 | 2.67E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -1.83E+3 | |
| GWP – fossil | kg CO2e | 2.14E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61E+0 | 3.13E+1 | 2.67E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -1.82E+3 | |
| GWP – biogenic | kg CO2e | 8.58E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.90E-4 | 3.92E-4 | 2.88E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -7.78E+0 | |
| GWP – LULUC | kg CO2e | 6.57E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.13E-4 | 1.24E-2 | 2.32E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -5.67E-1 | |
| Ozone depletion pot. | kg CFC-11e | 8.31E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.52E-8 | 4.37E-7 | 4.08E-8 | 0.00E+0 | -5.54E-6 | |
| Acidification potential | mol H+e | 7.70E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.25E-2 | 1.04E-1 | 2.41E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -6.23E+0 | |
| EP-freshwater2) | kg Pe | 7.17E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.05E-4 | 2.46E-3 | 7.77E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -6.44E-1 | |
| EP-marine | kg Ne | 1.74E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.51E-2 | 3.38E-2 | 1.12E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -1.41E+0 | |
| EP-terrestrial | mol Ne | 1.87E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.65E-1 | 3.68E-1 | 1.22E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -1.52E+1 | |
| POCP (“smog”) | kg NMVOCe | 6.26E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.93E-2 | 1.45E-1 | 3.65E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -5.14E+0 | |
| ADP-minerals & metals | kg Sbe | 2.22E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.26E-6 | 1.00E-4 | 9.30E-7 | 0.00E+0 | -1.11E-3 | |
| ADP-fossil resources | MJ | 2.03E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.72E+1 | 4.39E+2 | 3.49E+1 | 0.00E+0 | -1.69E+4 | |
| Water use | m3e depr. | 4.61E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.38E-1 | 2.40E+0 | 1.02E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -4.09E+2 | |
| GWP-GHG | kg CO2 eq. | 2.14E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61E+0 | 3.13E+1 | 2.67E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -1.82E+3 | |
| PERE | MJ | 7.89E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.89E-1 | 5.76E+0 | 2.14E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -5.52E+2 | |
| PERM | MJ | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| PERT | MJ | 7.89E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.89E-1 | 5.76E+0 | 2.14E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -5.52E+2 | |
| PENRE | MJ | 2.03E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.72E+1 | 4.39E+2 | 3.49E+1 | 0.00E+0 | -1.69E+4 | |
| PENRM | MJ | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 6.94E+1 | |
| PENRT | MJ | 2.03E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.72E+1 | 4.39E+2 | 3.49E+1 | 0.00E+0 | -1.69E+4 | |
| SM | kg | 2.38E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.96E-2 | 1.97E-1 | 1.45E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -2.25E+2 | |
| RSF | MJ | 9.21E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.12E-5 | 2.51E-3 | 3.79E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -7.95E-2 | |
| NRSF | MJ | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| FW | m3 | 1.11E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.37E-3 | 5.86E-2 | 2.50E-3 | 0.00E+0 | -9.80E+0 | |
| Hazardous waste disposed | kg | 3.70E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.27E-2 | 7.69E-1 | 3.90E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -3.32E+2 | |
| Non-hazardous waste disposed | kg | 4.26E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.20E-1 | 1.45E+1 | 5.33E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -3.72E+3 | |
| Radioactive waste disposed | kg | 7.27E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.18E-6 | 8.84E-5 | 3.83E-6 | 0.00E+0 | -6.10E-3 | |
| Components for re-use | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Material for recycling | kg | 3.64E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.27E-4 | 3.23E-3 | 9.43E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -2.34E-1 | |
| Materials for energy recovery | kg | 9.27E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.46E-7 | 2.83E-5 | 4.78E-7 | 0.00E+0 | -7.39E-4 | |
| Exported energy, electricity | MJ | 2.22E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.14E-3 | 3.19E-2 | 1.58E-3 | 0.00E+0 | -1.92E+0 | |
| Exported energy, thermal | MJ | 2.03E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.12E-3 | 6.44E-2 | 8.32E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -1.64E+0 | |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | |||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | 100% landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | 100% landfill |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GWP – total | kg CO2e | 2.15E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61E+0 | 3.13E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 5.77E-1 | 0.00E+0 | |
| GWP – fossil | kg CO2e | 2.14E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61E+0 | 3.13E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 5.77E-1 | 0.00E+0 | |
| GWP – biogenic | kg CO2e | 8.58E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.90E-4 | 3.92E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 6.24E-5 | 0.00E+0 | |
| GWP – LULUC | kg CO2e | 6.57E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.13E-4 | 1.24E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 5.02E-5 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Ozone depletion pot. | kg CFC-11e | 8.31E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.52E-8 | 4.37E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 8.83E-9 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Acidification potential | mol H+e | 7.70E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.25E-2 | 1.04E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 5.21E-3 | 0.00E+0 | |
| EP-freshwater2) | kg Pe | 7.17E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.05E-4 | 2.46E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 1.68E-5 | 0.00E+0 | |
| EP-marine | kg Ne | 1.74E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.51E-2 | 3.38E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 2.42E-3 | 0.00E+0 | |
| EP-terrestrial | mol Ne | 1.87E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.65E-1 | 3.68E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 2.64E-2 | 0.00E+0 | |
| POCP (“smog”) | kg NMVOCe | 6.26E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.93E-2 | 1.45E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 7.89E-3 | 0.00E+0 | |
| ADP-minerals & metals | kg Sbe | 2.22E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.26E-6 | 1.00E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 2.01E-7 | 0.00E+0 | |
| ADP-fossil resources | MJ | 2.03E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.72E+1 | 4.39E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.55E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Water use | m3e depr. | 4.61E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.38E-1 | 2.40E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 2.21E-2 | 0.00E+0 | |
| GWP-GHG | kg CO2 eq. | 2.14E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61E+0 | 3.13E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 5.77E-1 | 0.00E+0 | |
| PERE | MJ | 7.89E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.89E-1 | 5.76E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 4.62E-2 | 0.00E+0 | |
| PERM | MJ | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| PERT | MJ | 7.89E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.89E-1 | 5.76E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 4.62E-2 | 0.00E+0 | |
| PENRE | MJ | 2.03E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.72E+1 | 4.39E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.55E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| PENRM | MJ | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| PENRT | MJ | 2.03E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.72E+1 | 4.39E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.55E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| SM | kg | 2.38E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.96E-2 | 1.97E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.13E-3 | 0.00E+0 | |
| RSF | MJ | 9.21E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.12E-5 | 2.51E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 8.19E-6 | 0.00E+0 | |
| NRSF | MJ | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| FW | m3 | 1.11E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.37E-3 | 5.86E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 5.39E-4 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Hazardous waste disposed | kg | 3.70E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.27E-2 | 7.69E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 8.43E-3 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Non-hazardous waste disposed | kg | 4.26E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.20E-1 | 1.45E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.15E-1 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Radioactive waste disposed | kg | 7.27E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.18E-6 | 8.84E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 8.29E-7 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Components for re-use | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Material for recycling | kg | 3.64E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.27E-4 | 3.23E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 2.04E-5 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Materials for energy recovery | kg | 9.27E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.46E-7 | 2.83E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 1.03E-7 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Exported energy, electricity | MJ | 2.22E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.14E-3 | 3.19E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 3.42E-4 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Exported energy, thermal | MJ | 2.03E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.12E-3 | 6.44E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 1.80E-4 | 0.00E+0 | |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | |||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Abbreviations
Not applicable
References
a) General Programme Instructions of International EPD System. Version 5.0.1
b) PCR 2019:14. Construction products. Version 2.0.1
c) ISO 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations Principles and procedures.
d) ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Principles and frameworks.
e) ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Requirements and guidelines.
f) EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products.
g) LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT REPORT IN ACCORDANCE WITH EN 15804+A2 & PCR 2019:14, 2026.04.01 version 2.0.0
h) World Steel Association (2020), World Steel Association Report 2020. Steel recycling in construction sector.
i) PEF method, Annex_C_V2.1_May2020
Version history
Version 001, 2026-04-01
Original version of the EPD