EPD-IES-0031594:002

Welded Steel Structural and Formed Section Products

The declared product family consists of welded steel structural tube, pipe and formed section products classified under UN CPC 4128: tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of steel. The products are manufactured by Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd. from steel coil through raw material handling, slitting, pipe forming or roll forming, finishing, inspection and packaging operations. The product family includes circular hollow section, square hollow section, rectangular hollow section, oblong tube, D-tube, lipped channel, plain C-channel, U-channel, trolley track, door rail track and gate channel profiles. The products are used in construction, structural, fabrication and related intermediate applications where welded steel tube, hollow section or formed profile products are incorporated into construction works or construction-related systems. The products are manufactured to applicable Malaysian, British/European, Japanese and ASTM product specifications depending on customer and product requirements, including EN 10219, BS EN 10255, BS EN 39, ASTM A500/A500M, JIS G 3452, JIS G 3445, JIS G 3444, JIS G 3350, MS 863 and SPAN TS 21827. The declared product family covers an overall thickness range of 0.7 mm to 10.0 mm. Product size and geometry vary by profile type. The functional performance of the products is primarily defined by product geometry, dimensional specification, steel grade and mechanical properties. Depending on the applicable product specification and grade, the declared product family covers minimum or specified yield strength values from 195 MPa to 355 MPa, tensile strength values from 290 MPa to 580 MPa, and elongation values from 15% to 35%. Final product properties depend on the specific product grade, dimension and customer specification.

General information

EPD OwnerMELEWAR STEEL TUBE SDN BHD
Registration numberEPD-IES-0031594:002
EPD typeEPD of multiple products based on the average results of the product group
StatusValid
Version date2026-07-28
Validity date2031-07-27
Standards conformanceISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021
LicenseeEPD Southeast Asia
Geographical scopeGlobal, Malaysia
An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD.

Programme information

ProgrammeInternational EPD System
AddressEPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden
Websitewww.environdec.com
E-mailsupport@environdec.com

Product category rules

CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR)
Product Category Rules (PCR)2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1
PCR review was conducted byThe Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support.

Verification

Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via
Third-party verifierStephen Forson (ViridisPride)
Approved byThe International EPD® System
Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier
*EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com.

Ownership and limitation on use of EPD

Limitations

EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.

Ownership

The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.

Information about EPD Owner

EPD OwnerMELEWAR STEEL TUBE SDN BHD
Contact person nameSiti Zaleha binti Hmlon
Contact person e-mailctzaleha@melewar-mig.com
Organisation addressLot 53, Persiaran Selangor 40200 Shah Alam Malaysia
LCA PractitionerGalaxy Tech Solutions KL Sdn Bhd, lca@galaxytechsolutions.my

Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner

Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd. is a Malaysian manufacturer of welded steel tube, pipe and formed section products for construction, structural, fabrication and related intermediate applications. Products are manufactured at the Shah Alam, Selangor facilities from steel coil through slitting, forming, finishing, inspection and packaging operations. The company operates under ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and ISO 45001 certified management systems.

Organisation images

Organisation logo

Product information

Product nameWelded Steel Structural and Formed Section Products
Product identificationWelded steel tube, pipe and formed section product family manufactured by Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd. The products covered include circular hollow section, square hollow section, rectangular hollow section, oblong tube, D-tube, lipped channel, plain C-channel, U-channel, trolley track, door rail track and gate channel profiles. The products are manufactured according to applicable Malaysian, British/European, Japanese and ASTM product specifications, depending on customer and product requirements. Applicable standards include EN 10219, BS EN 10255, BS EN 39, ASTM A500/A500M, JIS G 3452, JIS G 3445, JIS G 3444, JIS G 3350, MS 863 and SPAN TS 21827. The product family covers an overall thickness range of 0.7 mm to 10.0 mm.
Product descriptionThe declared product family consists of welded steel structural tube, pipe and formed section products classified under UN CPC 4128: tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of steel. The products are manufactured by Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd. from steel coil through raw material handling, slitting, pipe forming or roll forming, finishing, inspection and packaging operations. The product family includes circular hollow section, square hollow section, rectangular hollow section, oblong tube, D-tube, lipped channel, plain C-channel, U-channel, trolley track, door rail track and gate channel profiles. The products are used in construction, structural, fabrication and related intermediate applications where welded steel tube, hollow section or formed profile products are incorporated into construction works or construction-related systems. The products are manufactured to applicable Malaysian, British/European, Japanese and ASTM product specifications depending on customer and product requirements, including EN 10219, BS EN 10255, BS EN 39, ASTM A500/A500M, JIS G 3452, JIS G 3445, JIS G 3444, JIS G 3350, MS 863 and SPAN TS 21827. The declared product family covers an overall thickness range of 0.7 mm to 10.0 mm. Product size and geometry vary by profile type. The functional performance of the products is primarily defined by product geometry, dimensional specification, steel grade and mechanical properties. Depending on the applicable product specification and grade, the declared product family covers minimum or specified yield strength values from 195 MPa to 355 MPa, tensile strength values from 290 MPa to 580 MPa, and elongation values from 15% to 35%. Final product properties depend on the specific product grade, dimension and customer specification.
Product information from external sourcesFurther product information is available from the manufacturer website: https://www.mycronsteel.com/
Technical purpose of productThe declared product family is intended for construction, structural, fabrication and related intermediate applications. Depending on the product type, dimension and applicable standard, the products may be used as structural hollow sections, welded steel pipes, scaffolding tubes, steel conduits for cable management, ordinary piping, water and sewerage pipes, formed channels, tracks and general engineering steel sections. The products may also be used as structural members in buildings, fence posts, lamp posts, machinery, furniture and other fabrication applications, subject to project-specific design and specification requirements.
Manufacturing or service provision descriptionThe products are manufactured from steel coil at Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd.’s Shah Alam manufacturing facility. The main manufacturing route includes steel coil receipt, raw material handling, slitting, pipe forming or roll forming, finishing, inspection and packaging. Depending on the product specification, additional finishing operations may include galvanising, straightening, threading and socketing. For the LCA, the manufacturing route is represented as an aggregated production system using annual production data. The aggregated model covers material inputs, site electricity, water, ancillary consumables, packaging and waste treatment associated with the declared product group.
Material propertiesVolumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 Tensile strength: 580 MPa
Volumetric mass density:
7850 kg/m3
Tensile strength:
580 MPa
Manufacturing siteMelewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd. MST Factory 1 Lot 53, Persiaran Selangor 40200 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
Manufacturing site 2Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd. MST Factory 3 Lot 10, Persiaran Selangor 40200 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
Manufacturing site 3Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd. MST Factory 2 Lot 49, Jalan Utas 15/7 40200 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
UN CPC code4128. Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of steel
Geographical scopeGlobal, Malaysia
Geographical scope descriptionThe geographical scope of the EPD is global, with manufacturing located in Malaysia. The declared products are manufactured by Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd. at its Shah Alam, Selangor facilities using site-specific 2025 production data. Raw materials are sourced from Malaysia and international suppliers; therefore, upstream processes include Malaysian, regional and global background datasets where relevant. The declared end-of-life scenario is modelled for the Malaysian context using the verified 85% recycling and 15% disposal scenario. The EPD is intended to provide environmental information for construction, structural, fabrication and related intermediate applications where the products may be used in Malaysia or other relevant markets.

Product images

Technical characteristics and performance

Technical performance

Product nameApplicable standardsSteel gradesYield strengthTensile strengthElongation
Welded Steel Structural and Formed Section ProductsSee product specificationsMultiple grades195 to 355 MPa290 to 580 MPa15% to 35%

Content declaration

Content declaration of multiple productsThe content declaration represents the production weighted average product group. The declared product content is 1000 kg of finished saleable MST Welded Steel Structural and Formed Section Products at the factory gate. Packaging is reported separately and is not included in the 1000 kg product mass denominator, but packaging burdens are included in A1-A3.
Hazardous and toxic substancesThe product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight.
Product content
Content nameMass, kgPost-consumer recycled material, mass-% of productBiogenic material, mass-% of productBiogenic material1, kg C/declared unit
Steel coil10000.12200
Total10000.12200
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2
Packaging materials
Material nameMass, kgMass-% (versus the product)Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit
Steel packaging2.0650.2070
Plastic packaging0.0590.0060
Paper packaging0.0790.0080.04
Others0.3570.0360
Total2.560.2570.04
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2

LCA information

EPD based on declared or functional unitDeclared unit
Declared unit and reference flowFinished saleable MST Welded Steel Structural and Formed Section Products at factory gate Mass: 1000 kg
Conversion factor to mass1
Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes?
Datasources used for this EPDecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.12 database
LCA SoftwareOpenLCA 2.6.0
Additional information about the underlying LCA-based information

The LCA model was developed in openLCA 2.6.1 using ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S datasets and the EN15804+A2 EF 3.1 LCIA method. The study follows an attributional LCA approach and is based on the declared unit of 1 metric tonne, equivalent to 1,000 kg, of finished saleable MST welded steel structural and formed section products at factory gate. Packaging burdens are included in A1–A3 and packaging mass is reported separately.

The declared result represents a multiple-product EPD from one manufacturer, based on production-weighted average results for the declared product group. Primary foreground data were collected for the period 1 January 2025 to 31 December 2025. The manufacturing route is modelled as an aggregated production system covering steel coil receipt, raw material handling, slitting, pipe forming or roll forming, finishing/inspection, packaging, site electricity, water, ancillary consumables, waste generation and waste treatment.

Upstream raw material supply was modelled using representative ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S datasets and verified supplier-specific upstream steel EPD data where available. Supplier names are retained in the confidential verification evidence package and are not disclosed in this public EPD summary.

Cut-off and completeness were assessed in accordance with PCR 2019:14 and EN 15804. All known significant material, energy, utility, transport, packaging and waste flows available from MST records were included. Infrastructure, capital goods, business travel, employee commuting and research and development activities were excluded in accordance with the applicable PCR/system boundary rules.

Allocation was applied where shared facility flows related to both MST-controlled production and customer-supplied processing activities. Shared flows were allocated based on the documented production and mass-balance basis in the supporting LCA report. The declared results are calculated as production-weighted average results for the product group.

Modules C1–C4 and Module D were modelled separately for the declared end-of-life scenario of 85% recycling and 15% disposal. Module D is reported separately and is not aggregated with modules A–C. The Module D net-flow calculation deducts secondary material input already accounted for in A1–A3 to avoid double counting of recycling benefits.

A single production-weighted average LCA result is declared for the product group. Product-specific results by grade, thickness and width were not separately modelled. Therefore, the numerical variation entered in the EPD reporting format reflects that the same declared average result applies to all covered variants and does not represent a separately calculated variation between individual product specifications.

Version of the EN 15804 reference packageEF Reference Package 3.1
Characterisation methodsEnvironmental impact indicators were calculated using the EN15804+A2 LCIA method based on the EF Reference Package 3.1. The characterisation methods applied are those required for EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 and PCR 2019:14 for construction products. The declared core impact indicators include climate change total, fossil, biogenic and land use/land-use change; ozone depletion; acidification; eutrophication freshwater, marine and terrestrial; photochemical ozone formation; abiotic depletion of minerals and metals; abiotic depletion of fossil resources; and water use. Resource use, waste category and output flow indicators are reported according to EN 15804 and PCR 2019:14. GWP-GHG is reported as an additional climate indicator. Where a separate reliable GWP-GHG value was not available directly from the LCIA output, GWP-GHG was calculated as GWP-fossil plus GWP-luluc, excluding biogenic CO₂ uptake/emissions and biogenic carbon storage.
Technology description including background systemThe product system represents the manufacturing of welded steel structural and formed section products from steel coil at Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd.’s Shah Alam manufacturing sites. The manufacturing route covers steel coil receipt, raw material handling, slitting, pipe forming or roll forming, finishing/inspection, packaging, site electricity, water use, ancillary consumables, waste generation and waste treatment. Depending on product specification, finishing operations may include galvanising, straightening, threading and socketing. The foreground system is modelled as an aggregated production system using MST’s 2025 annual production data. Sub-process metering is not fully available; therefore, slitting, forming and finishing activities are represented at product-family level. This does not reduce the declared system boundary, as all known significant material, energy, utility, transport, packaging and waste flows available from MST records are included and scaled to the declared unit. Background processes were modelled using ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S datasets. Upstream steel raw material supply was modelled using representative secondary datasets and verified supplier-specific upstream steel EPD data where available. The LCA was calculated in openLCA 2.6.1 using the EN15804+A2 EF 3.1 LCIA method. Modules C1–C4 and Module D were modelled separately for the declared end-of-life scenario.
Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution levelLess than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs
Scrap (recycled material) inputs data
Material scrap nameMaterial scrap value
Post-consumer steel scrap contained in supplier-specific hot-rolled steel input0, kg CO2 eq./tonne
The share of the total scrap input that was assumed to come with an environmental burden0

Data quality assessment

Description of data quality assessment and reference yearsData quality was assessed at dataset level in accordance with EN 15941 and PCR 2019:14. The assessment covered technical, geographical and temporal representativeness, precision, completeness, consistency and source reliability. Primary foreground data for Melewar Steel Tube Sdn. Bhd. were collected for the full calendar year from 1 January 2025 to 31 December 2025. The primary data cover production output, raw material and mass-balance records, electricity, water, packaging, consumables, transport and waste records for the Shah Alam manufacturing site. No deviation from a one-year data collection period was applied. Secondary background data were mainly modelled using ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S datasets. Verified supplier-specific upstream steel EPD data were used where available, with reference production data from 2023 and EPD publication in 2024. Where supplier-specific EPD or verified LCI data were not available, representative secondary or proxy datasets were used and their limitations were disclosed. The highest contribution to A1–A3 GWP-GHG comes from upstream steel raw material datasets. The data quality assessment therefore prioritised the main steel input datasets, electricity, transport and other datasets contributing significantly to the declared results.
Data quality assessment
Process nameSource typeSourceReference yearData categoryShare of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3
Hot rolled steel inputDatabaseecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff S market for steel low alloyed hot rolled2025 Secondary proxy data0%
Low alloyed steel input Databaseecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff S market for steel low alloyed2025 Secondary proxy data0%
Supplier-specific hot rolled steel inputEPDVerified supplier-specific upstream steel EPD data reviewed in confidential verification evidence package2023 Supplier specific EPD data3.05%
Electricity use in manufacturing DatabaseMST 2025 electricity consumption data modelled with ecoinvent 3.12 Malaysia electricity dataset2025Primary data2.26%
Sea freight transportPrimary / specific transport data + databaseSupplier route and transport-distance calculation modelled with ecoinvent 3.12 sea freight dataset2025Primary / specific activity data with secondary background dataset0.67%
Road freight transportPrimary / specific transport data + databaseSupplier route and transport-distance calculation modelled with ecoinvent 3.12 sea freight dataset2025Primary / specific activity data with secondary background dataset0.37%
Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A36.35%
The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories.
Comment on the data sources and other information in the tableThe main contributor to A1-A3 GWP-GHG is steel raw material production. Supplier specific EPD data were used for the POSCO HRC input where available. For other steel inputs, representative secondary or proxy ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S datasets were used because supplier specific EPD or verified LCI data were not available. The reported primary data share is calculated based on GWP-GHG results and is a simplified data quality indicator.
Electricity data
Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services)
Type of electricity mixResidual electricity mix on the market
Energy sourcesHydro17.78%
Wind0%
Solar0%
Biomass0%
Geothermal0%
Waste0%
Nuclear0%
Natural gas34.19%
Coal44.99%
Oil0.61%
Peat0%
Other2.43%
GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh)0.84 kg CO2 eq./kWh
Method used to calculate residual electricity mixPurchased electricity used in A3 manufacturing was modelled using the Malaysian grid electricity dataset available in ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S. No contractual electricity instruments, renewable energy certificates or market-based electricity claims were applied. The dataset used in openLCA is the Malaysia medium-voltage electricity market dataset, with electricity mix reference year 2022 and GWP-GHG intensity of 0.835 kg CO₂e/kWh. The electricity use includes production equipment and relevant site support activities covered by the plant electricity meter, such as lighting, compressed air, auxiliary operations and premises cooling or heating where applicable.

System boundary

Description of the system boundarya) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D).
Excluded modulesYes, there is an excluded module, or there are excluded modules
Justification for the omission of modulesA4, A5 and B1–B7 are not declared because transport, installation and use-stage conditions are project-specific and not defined at product level. Packaging burdens and biogenic carbon balance are included in A1–A3; therefore, no separate A5 packaging biogenic carbon balance is declared. “ND” does not mean zero impact.

Declared modules

Product stageConstruction process stageUse stageEnd of life stageBeyond product life cycle
Raw material supplyTransportManufacturingTransport to siteConstruction installationUseMaintenanceRepairReplacementRefurbishmentOperational energy useOperational water useDe-construction demolitionTransportWaste processingDisposalReuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential
ModuleA1A2A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Modules declaredXXXNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDXXXXX
GeographyGlobalGlobalGlobalN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AMalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysiaGlobal
Share of specific data6.35%--------------
Variation - products0%--------------
Variation - sites0.61%--------------
DisclaimerThe share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only.

Description of the process flow diagram(s)

The process flow diagram shows the Type a system boundary: A1–A3 + C1–C4 + D. A1–A3 cover raw material supply, inbound transport and aggregated MST manufacturing, including steel coil receipt, slitting, pipe forming or roll forming, finishing/inspection, packaging, utilities and production waste treatment. C1–C4 cover deconstruction, transport to waste treatment, recycling processing and disposal. Under the declared 85% recycling / 15% disposal scenario, 807.500 kg reaches the end-of-waste state after 95% recycling efficiency, while 192.500 kg is treated in C4 as direct disposal and recycling processing loss. Module D is reported separately.

Process flow diagram(s) related images

Default scenario

Name of the default scenario85% recycling and 15% disposal
Description of the default scenarioThe default end-of-life scenario is the main declared scenario for the EPD. It assumes that 85% of the steel product is sent to recycling and 15% is sent directly to disposal after deconstruction. Module C1 covers deconstruction of 1,000 kg of discarded steel product. Module C2 covers transport to the waste treatment route, modelled as 80 km by lorry, equivalent to 80 tkm per declared unit. Module C3 covers waste processing for recycling. A total of 850 kg is sent to the recycling route. A recycling efficiency of 95% is applied, so 807.5 kg reaches the end-of-waste state and is reported as material for recycling, while 42.5 kg is treated as recycling processing loss. Module C4 covers final disposal of 192.5 kg, consisting of 150 kg directly disposed material and 42.5 kg recycling processing loss. Module D is reported separately and is calculated based on the net recovered steel flow after deducting secondary material input already accounted for in A1–A3.

Module C: End-of-life

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module CEoL reycling & disposal
Brief description of the default scenario in module C85% recycling, 15% disposal, with 95% recycling efficiency
Description of the default scenario in module CModule C1 covers deconstruction of 1 t of steel product. Module C2 covers transport of the post-use steel product to the waste treatment route. Module C3 covers waste processing for recycling of 0.850 t steel product. A recycling efficiency of 95% is applied, so 0.8075 t reaches the end-of-waste state and 0.0425 t is treated as recycling processing loss. Module C4 covers final disposal of 0.1925 t, consisting of 0.1500 t directly disposed material and 0.0425 t recycling processing loss.
Module C informationValueUnit
Collection process, specified by type - collected separately1000
kg
Collection process, specified by type - collected with mixed construction waste0
kg
Recovery system, specified by type - for re-use0
kg
Recovery system, specified by type - for recycling807.5
kg
Recovery system, specified by type - energy recovery0
kg
Disposal, specified by type - product or material for final deposition192.5
kg
Further assumptions for scenario development, e.g. transportation80
km

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module DNet steel recycling
Brief description of the default scenario in module DNet steel recycling potential beyond product life cycle
Description of the default scenario in module DModule D reports benefits and loads beyond the system boundary from net recovered steel made available for recycling. The calculation is based on 807.500 kg steel reaching the end-of-waste state after applying 85% recycling rate and 95% recycling efficiency. Secondary material input already accounted for in A1–A3 is deducted to avoid double counting. The final net substituted steel flow is 806.280 kg per declared unit. Module D is reported separately and is not aggregated with modules A–C.
Module D informationValueUnit
Steel sent to recycling route850
kg
Recycling efficiency95
%
Steel reaching end-of-waste state807.500
kg
Secondary material input deducted1.220
kg
Quality factor1.000
N/A
Net substituted steel flow806.280
kg

Additional scenario 1

Name of the additional scenario100% recycling end-of-life scenario
Description of the additional scenarioThe entire steel product is directed to recycling at end-of-life, with no direct disposal except recycling-process losses.

Module C: End-of-life

Description of the additional scenario in module CAt end-of-life, 1,000 kg of steel product is collected separately and sent to recycling. A recycling efficiency of 95% is applied; therefore, 950 kg reaches the end-of-waste state and 50 kg of recycling processing loss is sent to disposal. Module C1 covers deconstruction, C2 covers 80 km transport, C3 covers recycling preparation and C4 covers the processing loss.
Module C informationValueUnit
Collected separately1,000
kg
Collected with mixed construction waste0
kg
For re-use0
kg
For recycling1,000
kg
Energy recovery0
kg
Product or material for final deposition50
kg
Further assumptions, e.g. transportation80
km

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Description of the additional scenario in module DModule D reports the potential benefit from 950 kg of steel reaching the end-of-waste state. After deducting 1.220 kg of supplier-specific secondary steel input already accounted for in A1–A3, the net substituted steel flow is 948.780 kg per declared unit. A quality factor of 1.0 is applied, and Module D is reported separately from modules A–C.
Module D informationValueUnit
Steel reaching end-of-waste state950
kg
Secondary steel input deducted1.220
kg
Net substituted steel flow948.780
kg
Recycling efficiency / yield95
%
Quality factor1.00
N/A

Additional scenario 2

Name of the additional scenario100% disposal end-of-life scenario
Description of the additional scenarioThe additional scenario assumes 100% disposal of the steel product at end-of-life. The full 1,000 kg declared product is collected and transported 80 km to final disposal. Module C1 covers deconstruction, C2 covers transport, C3 is zero because no recycling processing occurs, C4 covers disposal of the full product mass, and Module D is zero because no material recovery benefit is generated.

Module C: End-of-life

Description of the additional scenario in module CAt end-of-life, 1,000 kg of steel product is collected and sent to final disposal. Module C1 covers deconstruction, Module C2 covers 80 km transport to the disposal facility, Module C3 is zero because no recycling processing occurs, and Module C4 covers final disposal of the full product mass.
Module C informationValueUnit
Collected separately1,000
kg
Collected with mixed construction waste0
kg
For re-use0
kg
For recycling0
kg
Energy recovery0
kg
Product or material for final deposition1,000
kg
Further assumptions, e.g. transportation80
km

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Description of the additional scenario in module DNo material is recovered for reuse, recycling or energy recovery under the 100% disposal scenario. Therefore, the net material flow and all potential benefits and loads reported in Module D are zero.
Module D informationValueUnit
Material recovered beyond the system boundary0
kg
Net substituted steel flow0
kg
Recycling efficiency / yield0
%
Quality factor0
N/A

Environmental performance

The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.

Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - totalGWP-totalkg CO2 eq.2.54E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.09E-11.66E+14.49E+06.90E-1-1.08E+3
Climate change - fossilGWP-fossilkg CO2 eq.2.53E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.09E-11.66E+14.46E+06.90E-1-1.08E+3
Climate change - biogenicGWP-biogenickg CO2 eq.4.16E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.43E-54.91E-31.90E-21.17E-42.29E-1
Climate change - land use and land-use changeGWP-luluckg CO2 eq.5.06E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.05E-57.16E-31.06E-27.16E-5-1.21E-1
Ozone depletionODPkg CFC-11 eq.1.59E-5NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.13E-92.21E-77.41E-89.83E-9-1.78E-6
AcidificationAPmol H+ eq.1.02E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.56E-35.51E-23.23E-25.86E-3-3.21E+0
Eutrophication aquatic freshwaterEP-freshwaterkg P eq.1.97E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.40E-62.01E-49.54E-53.52E-6-3.04E-2
Eutrophication aquatic marineEP-marinekg N eq.2.44E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.67E-31.76E-21.28E-22.67E-3-8.37E-1
Eutrophication terrestrialEP-terrestrialmol N eq.2.54E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.82E-21.94E-11.40E-12.92E-2-9.60E+0
Photochemical ozone formationPOCPkg NMVOC eq.8.74E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.47E-37.62E-24.22E-28.88E-3-3.09E+0
Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metalsADP-minerals&metals1kg Sb eq.1.65E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.48E-75.48E-52.34E-62.54E-71.05E-3
Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuelsADP-fossil1MJ, net calorific value2.65E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.17E+02.23E+25.45E+18.52E+0-9.11E+3
Water useWDP1m3 world eq. deprived1.10E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.30E-21.17E+06.59E-12.22E-2-1.71E+2
AcronymsGWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator

Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - GWP-GHGGWP-GHG1kg CO2 eq.2.53E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.09E-11.66E+14.47E+06.90E-1-1.08E+3
AcronymsGWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero.

Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Particulate matter emissionsPMDisease incidenceNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Ionizing radiation - human healthIRP1kBq U235 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Eco-toxicity - freshwaterETP-fw2CTUeNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Human toxicity - cancer effectsHTP-c2CTUhNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Human toxicity - non-cancer effectsHTP-nc2CTUhNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Land-use related impacts/soil qualitySQP2DimensionlessNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
AcronymsPM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.
Disclaimer 2The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator.

Resource use indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
PEREMJ, net calorific value2.58E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.24E-23.11E+01.86E+07.19E-25.28E+2
PERMMJ, net calorific value4.38E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
PERTMJ, net calorific value2.58E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.24E-23.11E+01.86E+07.19E-25.28E+2
PENREMJ, net calorific value2.66E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.17E+02.23E+25.45E+18.52E+0-9.11E+3
PENRMMJ, net calorific value5.45E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
PENRTMJ, net calorific value2.66E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.17E+02.23E+25.45E+18.52E+0-9.11E+3
SMkg1.22E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
RSFMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
NRSFMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
FWm31.51E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.11E-42.89E-21.54E-25.31E-4-1.62E+0
AcronymsPERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Waste indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
HWDkg3.10E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.68E-33.16E-35.39E-33.89E-40.00E+0
NHWDkg2.08E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.02E-13.99E+14.77E-11.93E+20.00E+0
RWDkg6.10E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND9.02E-51.01E-48.57E-57.83E-60.00E+0
AcronymsHWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Output flow indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
CRUkg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
MFRkg5.11E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+08.08E+20.00E+00.00E+0
MERkg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
EEEMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
EETMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
AcronymsCRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4

Additional scenario100% recycling end-of-life scenario
Description of the scenario/methodThis additional scenario assumes that 100% of the steel product is sent to recycling at end-of-life. Module C3 covers recycling preparation, C4 covers the 5% recycling-process loss, and Module D reports the benefit from the net recovered steel flow. Modules C1 and C2 remain unchanged from the main scenario.
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Global warming potential – totalGWP-totalkg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.28E+01.79E-1-1.27E+3
Global warming potential – fossil fuelsGWP-fossilkg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.25E+01.79E-1-1.27E+3
Global warming potential – biogenicGWP-biogenickg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.24E-23.04E-52.69E-1
Global warming potential – land use and land-use changeGWP-luluckg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.24E-21.86E-5-1.41E-1
Global warming potential excluding biogenic CO2 uptake/emissions and storageGWP-GHGkg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.26E+01.79E-1-1.27E+3
Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layerODPkg CFC-11 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND8.71E-82.55E-9-2.08E-6
Acidification potential, accumulated exceedanceAPmol H+ eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.81E-21.52E-3-3.76E+0
Eutrophication potential – freshwaterEP-freshwaterkg P eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.12E-49.14E-7-3.56E-2
Eutrophication potential – marineEP-marinekg N eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.51E-26.93E-4-9.83E-1
Eutrophication potential – terrestrialEP-terrestrialmol N eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.65E-17.59E-3-1.13E+1
Formation potential of tropospheric ozonePOCPkg NMVOC eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.97E-22.31E-3-3.63E+0
Abiotic depletion potential – minerals and metalsADP-minerals & metalskg Sb eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.75E-66.60E-81.23E-3
Abiotic depletion potential – fossil resourcesADP-fossilMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.41E+12.21E+0-1.07E+4
Water deprivation potentialWDPm3 world eq. deprivedNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND7.75E-15.78E-3-2.01E+2
Use of renewable primary energy excluding raw material usePEREMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.19E+01.87E-26.53E+2
Use of renewable primary energy resources as raw materialsPERMMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Total use of renewable primary energy resourcesPERTMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.19E+01.87E-26.53E+2
Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding raw material usePENREMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.41E+12.21E+0-1.13E+4
Use of non-renewable primary energy resources as raw materialsPENRMMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Total use of non-renewable primary energy resourcesPENRTMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.41E+12.21E+0-1.13E+4
Use of secondary materialsSMkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Use of renewable secondary fuelsRSFMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Use of non-renewable secondary fuelsNRSFMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Use of net fresh waterFWm3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.81E-21.38E-4-2.01E+0
Hazardous waste disposedHWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.78E-17.77E-31.38E+2
Non-hazardous waste disposedNHWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.77E+04.84E-2-2.46E+3
Radioactive waste disposedRWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Components for re-useCRUkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Materials for recyclingMFRkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND9.50E+20.00E+00.00E+0
Materials for energy recoveryMERkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Exported electrical energyEEEMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Exported thermal energyEETMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Acronyms
DisclaimersA1–A3 are shown as ND because they are unchanged from the main results; A4–B7 remain not declared; C1 and C2 are unchanged; C3, C4 and D reflect the 100% recycling scenario. ND does not represent a zero result.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4

Additional scenario100% disposal end-of-life scenario
Description of the scenario/methodThis additional scenario assumes that 100% of the steel product is sent to final disposal at end-of-life. C1 covers deconstruction, C2 covers transport, C3 is zero because no recycling processing occurs, C4 covers disposal of the full 1,000 kg product mass, and Module D is zero because no material recovery benefit is generated.
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Global warming potential – totalGWP-totalkg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+03.59E+00.00E+0
Global warming potential – fossil fuelsGWP-fossilkg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+03.59E+00.00E+0
Global warming potential – biogenicGWP-biogenickg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+06.07E-40.00E+0
Global warming potential – land use and land-use changeGWP-luluckg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+03.72E-40.00E+0
Global warming potential excluding biogenic CO2 uptake/emissions and storageGWP-GHGkg CO2 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+03.59E+00.00E+0
Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layerODPkg CFC-11 eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+05.11E-80.00E+0
Acidification potential, accumulated exceedanceAPmol H+ eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+03.04E-20.00E+0
Eutrophication potential – freshwaterEP-freshwaterkg P eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+01.83E-50.00E+0
Eutrophication potential – marineEP-marinekg N eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+01.39E-20.00E+0
Eutrophication potential – terrestrialEP-terrestrialmol N eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+01.52E-10.00E+0
Formation potential of tropospheric ozonePOCPkg NMVOC eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+04.61E-20.00E+0
Abiotic depletion potential – minerals and metalsADP-minerals & metalskg Sb eq.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+01.32E-60.00E+0
Abiotic depletion potential – fossil resourcesADP-fossilMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+04.43E+10.00E+0
Water deprivation potentialWDPm3 world eq. deprivedNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+01.16E-10.00E+0
Use of renewable primary energy excluding raw material usePEREMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+03.74E-10.00E+0
Use of renewable primary energy resources as raw materialsPERMMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Total use of renewable primary energy resourcesPERTMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+03.74E-10.00E+0
Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding raw material usePENREMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+04.43E+10.00E+0
Use of non-renewable primary energy resources as raw materialsPENRMMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Total use of non-renewable primary energy resourcesPENRTMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+04.43E+10.00E+0
Use of secondary materialsSMkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Use of renewable secondary fuelsRSFMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Use of non-renewable secondary fuelsNRSFMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Use of net fresh waterFWm3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+02.76E-30.00E+0
Hazardous waste disposedHWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+01.55E-10.00E+0
Non-hazardous waste disposedNHWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+01.00E+30.00E+0
Radioactive waste disposedRWDkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Components for re-useCRUkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Materials for recyclingMFRkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Materials for energy recoveryMERkgNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Exported electrical energyEEEMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Exported thermal energyEETMJ, net calorific valueNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Acronyms
DisclaimersA1–A3 are shown as ND because they are unchanged from the main results; A4–B7 remain not declared; C1 and C2 are unchanged; C3, C4 and D reflect the 100% disposal scenario; ND does not represent a zero result.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Additional environmental information

No additional environmental information is declared beyond the environmental performance results, content declaration, system boundary, data quality information and scenario information presented in this EPD.

Additional social and economic information

No additional social or economic information is declared in this EPD.

Information related to EPDs of multiple products

Description of how the averages have been determinedAverage results are based on 2025 annual production data for the MST welded steel tube and formed section product family.

Abbreviations

  • A1-A3 - Product stage: raw material supply, transport and manufacturing
  • ADP - Abiotic depletion potential
  • AP - Acidification potential
  • C1-C4 - End-of-life modules: deconstruction, transport, waste processing and disposal
  • CPC - Central product classification
  • D - Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary
  • DQA - Data quality assessment
  • DU - Declared unit
  • EF - Environmental footprint
  • EPD - Environmental Product Declaration
  • GHG - Greenhouse gas
  • GPI - General Programme Instructions
  • GWP - Global warming potential
  • GWP-GHG - Global warming potential excluding biogenic CO2 uptake/emissions and biogenic carbon storage
  • HRC - Hot rolled coil
  • kg CO₂ eq. - Kilogram carbon dioxide equivalent
  • LCA - Life cycle assessment
  • LCI - Life cycle inventory
  • LCIA - Life cycle impact assessment
  • MFR - Material for recycling
  • MST - Melewar Steel Tube
  • ND - Not declared
  • PCR - Product Category Rules
  • RSL - Reference service life
  • SVHC - Substance of Very High Concern
  • Tkm - Tonne-kilometer
  • WDP - Water deprivation potential

References

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Version history

Version 001, 2026-07-28

  • Original version of the EPD